ROCK

The Rho GTPase-JNK pathway is required for the inhibitory effects of vandetanib on Calu-6 cells invasion. Calu-6 cells were incubated for 24 h in the presence or absence of vandetanib (1 or 2 uM), SP600125 (50 or 100 uM), and Y27632 (5 or 10 uM). The morphology of the Calu-6 cells was examined under a light microscope. Scale bar: 50 um.

The ROCK inhibitors fasudil and Y27632 prevented SCP2 cell bone metastasis in nude mice (n = 10 per group). Shown are BLI images of bone metastases, IHC analyses of SMAD3 C-tail phosphorylation and PTHLH, osteoclast TRAP staining, and BLI quantitation.

ROCK antagonists interfere with infection-induced changes in cell shape, but do not reduce HCMV yield. (A) ROCK antagonists block actin reorganization after infection. Fibroblasts were treated with solvent (DMSO) or drug (10 uM Y27632 or 140 nM GSK429286A) beginning 1 h after mock infection or infection with WT virus. Cells received fresh medium containing solvent or drug every 24 h. Cultures were assayed for actin using labeled phalloidin (red), pUL37 (green), and DNA (blue). (B) ROCK antagonist blocks cell rounding at 24 hpi. Fibroblasts were treated with solvent or drug beginning 1 h after mock infection or infection with WT virus. Cultures received fresh medium with drug every 24 h and were analyzed by treatment with 5 μM fluorophore calcein red-orange AM for 1 h, followed by spinning disk confocal Z-stack live cell imaging and reconstruction of 3D images. (C) ROCK activity does not influence virus yield. Fibroblasts were treated with solvent or ROCK antagonists beginning 1 h after infection with WT HCMV. Cultures received fresh medium with drug every 24 h, and extracellular virus yields were determined by plaque assay.

(d) ROCK inhibition blocks CC-RCC migration in a transwell assay. RCC10 or 786-O cells were treated with Y-27632, RKI 1447 or DMSO vehicle (as indicated) for 6 h. The assay was performed in duplicate and the experiment was repeated three times. Statistical analysis in (b-d) was performed using a paired t-test comparing each normalized dose to the negative control (*P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001); s.e.m.'s are shown.

AT13148 exerts cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activity against human gastric cancer cells. Human gastric cancer cells (HGC-27, AGS, SNU-601, N87 and MKN-28 lines) or GEC-1 gastric epithelial cells were treated with applied concentration of AT13148 for indicated time, cell survival (A and E), cell proliferation (B and F), cell cycle distribution (C, for HGC-27 cells) and cell death (D, for HGC-27 cells) were tested by the described assays, separately. Data were presented as mean ± SD. “Ctrl” stands for untreated control cells (For all figures). “hr/hrs” stands for hour/hours (For all figures). Experiments in this figure were repeated for five times. *p < 0.05 vs. “Ctrl” group.

The Rho GTPase-JNK pathway is required for the inhibitory effects of vandetanib on Calu-6 cells invasion. Calu-6 cells were incubated for 24 h in the presence or absence of vandetanib (1 or 2 uM), SP600125 (50 or 100 uM), and Y27632 (5 or 10 uM). The morphology of the Calu-6 cells was examined under a light microscope. Scale bar: 50 um.

The ROCK inhibitors fasudil and Y27632 prevented SCP2 cell bone metastasis in nude mice (n = 10 per group). Shown are BLI images of bone metastases, IHC analyses of SMAD3 C-tail phosphorylation and PTHLH, osteoclast TRAP staining, and BLI quantitation.

ROCK antagonists interfere with infection-induced changes in cell shape, but do not reduce HCMV yield. (A) ROCK antagonists block actin reorganization after infection. Fibroblasts were treated with solvent (DMSO) or drug (10 uM Y27632 or 140 nM GSK429286A) beginning 1 h after mock infection or infection with WT virus. Cells received fresh medium containing solvent or drug every 24 h. Cultures were assayed for actin using labeled phalloidin (red), pUL37 (green), and DNA (blue). (B) ROCK antagonist blocks cell rounding at 24 hpi. Fibroblasts were treated with solvent or drug beginning 1 h after mock infection or infection with WT virus. Cultures received fresh medium with drug every 24 h and were analyzed by treatment with 5 μM fluorophore calcein red-orange AM for 1 h, followed by spinning disk confocal Z-stack live cell imaging and reconstruction of 3D images. (C) ROCK activity does not influence virus yield. Fibroblasts were treated with solvent or ROCK antagonists beginning 1 h after infection with WT HCMV. Cultures received fresh medium with drug every 24 h, and extracellular virus yields were determined by plaque assay.

(d) ROCK inhibition blocks CC-RCC migration in a transwell assay. RCC10 or 786-O cells were treated with Y-27632, RKI 1447 or DMSO vehicle (as indicated) for 6 h. The assay was performed in duplicate and the experiment was repeated three times. Statistical analysis in (b-d) was performed using a paired t-test comparing each normalized dose to the negative control (*P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001); s.e.m.'s are shown.

AT13148 exerts cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activity against human gastric cancer cells. Human gastric cancer cells (HGC-27, AGS, SNU-601, N87 and MKN-28 lines) or GEC-1 gastric epithelial cells were treated with applied concentration of AT13148 for indicated time, cell survival (A and E), cell proliferation (B and F), cell cycle distribution (C, for HGC-27 cells) and cell death (D, for HGC-27 cells) were tested by the described assays, separately. Data were presented as mean ± SD. “Ctrl” stands for untreated control cells (For all figures). “hr/hrs” stands for hour/hours (For all figures). Experiments in this figure were repeated for five times. *p < 0.05 vs. “Ctrl” group.