PPAR

Knocking down LKB1 reversed the PPARc antagonist T0070907-induced changes in the protein expression of the M1 markers (iNOS, green) and the M2 markers (CD206, red) by immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar = 20 μm.

Ki-67 staining in xenograft tissues from FH535-treated and control group. Magnifications: ×200 in left column, ×400 in right column.

(A) Acot1 mRNA following adenovirus treatments and 0.1% Wy-14643 supplementation (n=7-9). (B) H&E staining shows that Wy-14643 reduced and normalized lipid droplet accumulation in the Acot1 knockdown treatment group.

Primary microglia (G) were pretreated with JuA at indicated concentrations with or without GW9662 (2 μM) for 18 h, and then incubated with 2 mg/mL Aβ42 in the presence of vehicle (DMSO) or drug for an additional 24 h. The intracellular Aβ42 levels were measured using ELISA.

PPARβ/δ activation protects against corticosterone-induced astrocyte damage. (a) Astrocytes treated with Cort at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μM( n = 4; F = 329.412 > F0.01 (3, 12); **P < 0.01 vs. Con group); (b) MTT assay performed 24 hours after treatment with Cort (10 μM) and GW (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) (n = 5; F = 7.402 > F 0.01 (4, 20); **P < 0.01 vs. Con group; #P < 0.05 vs. Cort. group); (c) MTT assay performed after 24 hours of treatment with Cort (10 μM), GW (10 μM), and GSK (10 μM) (n = 4; F = 42.431 > F0.01 (3, 12); **P < 0.01 vs. Con group; ##P < 0.01 vs. Cort group; ††P < 0.01 vs. GW group); (d) MTT assay performed 24 hours after treatment with GSK (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) (n = 4; F = 1.659 < F0.01 (3, 12); P > 0.05 vs. Con group); (e) PPARβ/δ expression levels measured by RT-qPCR (n = 4; F = 27.018 > F0.01 (3, 12); **P < 0.01 vs. Con group; #P < 0.05 vs. Cort group; †P < 0.05 vs. GW group); (f) PPARβ/δ expression levels measured by Western blot (n = 4; F = 34.723 > F0.01 (3, 12); **P < 0.01vs. Con group; ##P < 0.01 vs. Cort group; †P < 0.05 vs. GW group). Groups were compared using 1-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Each data point represents the mean ± SEM. Con, Control; Cort, Corticosterone; GW, GW0742; GSK, GSK3787.

Total and phosphorylated Akt were detected by western blot in protein lysates of liver, inguinal WAT and gastrocnemius muscle from mice that were treated with an insulin bolus after an overnight fast.

PPARγ activation, but not PPARα activation, increases β-klotho expression and FGF21 signaling. Protein (A) levels of β-klotho in hepatocytes after stimulation with or without 20μM Wy14643/Pioglitazone/Rosiglitazone for 24h

(b) Western blotting used to analyze the expression of caspase-12. The caspase-12 levels were quantified and normalized to the GAPDH levels (n=6; F=23.785>F0.01(3, 20); ∗∗P < 0.01 vs. Con group; ##P < 0.01 vs. Cort group; ††P < 0.01 vs. GW group); (c) Western blotting used to analyze the ratio of cleaved caspase-3 to caspase-3 of the different groups (n=4; F=10.419>F0.01(3, 12); ∗∗P < 0.01 vs. Con group; #P < 0.05 vs. Cort group; †P < 0.05 vs. GW group). Groups were compared using 1-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's multiple comparisons test. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Con, Control; Cort, Corticosterone; GW, GW0742; GSK, GSK3787

Primary hepatocytes were treated with or without 20μM Wy14643/Pioglitazone/Rosiglitazone for 24h followed by stimulation with or without 1μg/ml recombinant human FGF21 for 15min. FGF21 signaling was analyzed by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and FRS2 examination.

E. The mTOR-lipin1-SREBP1 pathway in the liver of the Rab8af/f and Rab8a-mKO female mice gavaged with fenofibrate (25 mg/kg) or vehicle (H2O) for 8 days. F. mRNA expression of key genes in lipid metabolism in the liver of the Rab8af/f and Rab8a-mKO female mice gavaged with fenofibrate or vehicle for 8 days. n = 4-6. Statistical analyses were carried out using two-way ANOVA. * indicates p <0.05. n.s., not significant.

Knocking down LKB1 reversed the PPARc antagonist T0070907-induced changes in the protein expression of the M1 markers (iNOS, green) and the M2 markers (CD206, red) by immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar = 20 μm.

Ki-67 staining in xenograft tissues from FH535-treated and control group. Magnifications: ×200 in left column, ×400 in right column.

(A) Acot1 mRNA following adenovirus treatments and 0.1% Wy-14643 supplementation (n=7-9). (B) H&E staining shows that Wy-14643 reduced and normalized lipid droplet accumulation in the Acot1 knockdown treatment group.

Primary microglia (G) were pretreated with JuA at indicated concentrations with or without GW9662 (2 μM) for 18 h, and then incubated with 2 mg/mL Aβ42 in the presence of vehicle (DMSO) or drug for an additional 24 h. The intracellular Aβ42 levels were measured using ELISA.

PPARβ/δ activation protects against corticosterone-induced astrocyte damage. (a) Astrocytes treated with Cort at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μM( n = 4; F = 329.412 > F0.01 (3, 12); **P < 0.01 vs. Con group); (b) MTT assay performed 24 hours after treatment with Cort (10 μM) and GW (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) (n = 5; F = 7.402 > F 0.01 (4, 20); **P < 0.01 vs. Con group; #P < 0.05 vs. Cort. group); (c) MTT assay performed after 24 hours of treatment with Cort (10 μM), GW (10 μM), and GSK (10 μM) (n = 4; F = 42.431 > F0.01 (3, 12); **P < 0.01 vs. Con group; ##P < 0.01 vs. Cort group; ††P < 0.01 vs. GW group); (d) MTT assay performed 24 hours after treatment with GSK (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) (n = 4; F = 1.659 < F0.01 (3, 12); P > 0.05 vs. Con group); (e) PPARβ/δ expression levels measured by RT-qPCR (n = 4; F = 27.018 > F0.01 (3, 12); **P < 0.01 vs. Con group; #P < 0.05 vs. Cort group; †P < 0.05 vs. GW group); (f) PPARβ/δ expression levels measured by Western blot (n = 4; F = 34.723 > F0.01 (3, 12); **P < 0.01vs. Con group; ##P < 0.01 vs. Cort group; †P < 0.05 vs. GW group). Groups were compared using 1-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Each data point represents the mean ± SEM. Con, Control; Cort, Corticosterone; GW, GW0742; GSK, GSK3787.

Total and phosphorylated Akt were detected by western blot in protein lysates of liver, inguinal WAT and gastrocnemius muscle from mice that were treated with an insulin bolus after an overnight fast.

PPARγ activation, but not PPARα activation, increases β-klotho expression and FGF21 signaling. Protein (A) levels of β-klotho in hepatocytes after stimulation with or without 20μM Wy14643/Pioglitazone/Rosiglitazone for 24h

(b) Western blotting used to analyze the expression of caspase-12. The caspase-12 levels were quantified and normalized to the GAPDH levels (n=6; F=23.785>F0.01(3, 20); ∗∗P < 0.01 vs. Con group; ##P < 0.01 vs. Cort group; ††P < 0.01 vs. GW group); (c) Western blotting used to analyze the ratio of cleaved caspase-3 to caspase-3 of the different groups (n=4; F=10.419>F0.01(3, 12); ∗∗P < 0.01 vs. Con group; #P < 0.05 vs. Cort group; †P < 0.05 vs. GW group). Groups were compared using 1-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's multiple comparisons test. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Con, Control; Cort, Corticosterone; GW, GW0742; GSK, GSK3787

Primary hepatocytes were treated with or without 20μM Wy14643/Pioglitazone/Rosiglitazone for 24h followed by stimulation with or without 1μg/ml recombinant human FGF21 for 15min. FGF21 signaling was analyzed by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and FRS2 examination.

E. The mTOR-lipin1-SREBP1 pathway in the liver of the Rab8af/f and Rab8a-mKO female mice gavaged with fenofibrate (25 mg/kg) or vehicle (H2O) for 8 days. F. mRNA expression of key genes in lipid metabolism in the liver of the Rab8af/f and Rab8a-mKO female mice gavaged with fenofibrate or vehicle for 8 days. n = 4-6. Statistical analyses were carried out using two-way ANOVA. * indicates p <0.05. n.s., not significant.