Mitophagy

Cells were stimulated with TPA (10 nM) for 15 min in the presence of the indicated concentrations of U0126. Samples were collected and analyzed by Western blot to detect phosphorylated p42/p44 MAPK.

granulosa cells (GCs) with 24 h of melatonin (10 μM) treatment were rinsed in PBS, and then exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (10 mM), or the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) were added 1 h prior to H2O2 incubation. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± S.E; n = 3 in each group. *P < 0.05 (**P < 0.01) vs. vehicle group at 0 h. # Represents P < 0.05 (## Represents P < 0.01) vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. & Represents P > 0.05 vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. N, not significant, P > 0.05. δ Represents P < 0.05 (δδ Represents P < 0.01) vs. Z-VAD-FMK-treated cells.

Cells were treated with brefeldin A or manumycin A, and the resulting supernatant was collected after 48 h for exosomal preparation (lanes 1 and 2), or exosomes obtained from C81 cells were trypsin-treated or freeze/thawed (F/T) and then trypsin-treated (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 5 and 6, input exosome controls from C81 or CEM cells, respectively. Resulting exosomes were assayed for the presence of Tax by Western blotting.

Western blotting showed that in U87 cells treated with pitavastatin, the LC3-II isoform dramatically increased after statin treatment and showed at day 2, 3 and 4.

a Representative TUNEL/DAPI photomicrographs of ipsilateral cortex in different groups (scale bar = 100 μm).

Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. A) Cells were pre-treated +/- 1 uM olaparib (2h) then sequentially +/- 150nM PTX (24h) then +/- GMX 12nM (48h). Cells were harvested for (left) NAD+ quantification by LC-MS/MS (mean +/-SD of quadruplicates) or (right) viability by CellTiter-Glo (mean +/-SD of duplicates) B) PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A) by western blotting.

Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown.

STAT3 phosphorylation as determined by phospho flow, mixed lymphocyte reactions containing BALB/c spleen-derived CD4+ T cells co-cultured with or without C57BL/6 BM-derived DC preactivated with 20 ng/mL LPS.

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.

A, effects of p38 inhibitor SB203580 (1, 5, and 10 μM) on SRP72 protein expression was evaluated by WB using antibodies against human SRP72,SRP54, and GAPDH. A decreased intensity of SRP72 bands was noted when using the inhibitor at 5 μM concentration at 240 min (lane 6) and 10 μM at 120 and 240 min (lanes 8 and 9). B, results were analyzed and RUA illustrated, finding significant results at 5 μM, 240 versus 0 min, and 10 μM, 240 versus 0 and 120 versus 0 min, respectively, (p<0.05).

 

Cell viabilities with increasing concentrations of cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (DOXO) under normoxic and hypoxic condition for 48 hours were determined by MTT assay. IC50 values are presented as the means ?SDs (n=4) and * denotes p<0.05.

SKBR3 cells were treated with FW-04-806 at 10, 20, 40 uM for 24 h; 17AAG was used as a positive control at 1 and 2 uM. Hsp70, Hsp90, and Cdc37 protein level were analyzed with western blotting using relevant antibodies.

Synergistic effect of BMS-777607 with mTOR inhibitors in reduction of CSCs^+24/44/ESA viability. CSCs^+24/44/ESA at 5,000 cells per well with stem cell culture media in triplicate in an ultra-low adhesion plate were treated with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 1 umol/L AZD8055, 1 umol/L RAD001, and 1 umol/L PP242 alone, or in their different combinations. Cells were cultured for 72 hours. Percentages of polyploid cells were determined by counting 300 cells from two different regions. Results shown here were from one of two experiments with similar results.

Cellular biomarker responses in HT29 cells exposed to various cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in combination with the Chk1 inhibitor V158411. HT29 cells were exposed to the combination GI80 of gemcitabine (0.2 uM), camptothecin (0.44 uM), cisplatin (68 uM), oxaliplatin (131 uM), doxorubicin (1.2 uM) or etoposide (59 uM) for 18 hours followed by DMSO (-) or 400 nM V158411 (+) for a further 24 hours. Protein expression was characterized by immunoblotting.

Western blot analysis using 4G10 and anti-FLT3 antibody after immunoprecipitation with anti-FLT3 antibody and Western blot analysis of phospho-ERK (pERK) and ERK performed on whole cell lysates from HB119 and Molm14 cells. Cells were exposed to 100 nM crenolanib for 60 min.

Cropped immunoblot analyses for downstream effector proteins of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways for NRASQ61 mutant lung carcinoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. Dual pathway inhibition can be achieved by combining metformin and trametinib, as evidenced by the abolishment of p-ERK and p-S6.

Cultured hepatocytes were treated with 10 μM Compound C (Comp.C) for 30 min before treatment with 10 μM SAL, 1 mM AICAR for 3 h. Cell lysates were immunoblotted for the phosphorylation of AMPK, ACC, Akt and GSK3β. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus control; ##P < 0.01 versus SAL alone; †P < 0.05, ††P < 0.01 versus AICAR alone. Values are means ± SEM (n = 4).

Cellular senescence and SIRT1 phosphorylation was monitored in PAECs (P2) incubated in DMEM containing HDL (50 mg/L), LDL (50 mg/L), or resveratrol (100 μM) for 24 hours.

Dexamethasone and largazole cooperate to suppress invasion and to restore E-cadherin localization to the cell peripher y. ( a) Phase contrast micrographs showing morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells induced by E-cadherin expression combined with 100 nM dexamethasone and 10 nM largazole treatments. Insets show the cells at higher magnification. (b ) Fluorescence (E-Cad-GFP) or immunofluorescence microscopy (g -catenin (g-Cat.)) of 231/E-Cad-GFP cells treated for 72 h with vehicle (Control), 100 n M dexamethasone, 10 nM largazole or 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole (Dex. + Larg.). (c ) Invasion assays were per formed with the indicated cell lines treated for 72 h with or without 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole using modified Boyden chambers impregnated with matrigel. The results are presented as the average number of cells that invaded through the membrane per field s.d. of five randomly chosen fields, and are representative of three independently per formed experiments.

Statin-Related Inhibition of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) Uptake by SLCO2B1 in Prostate Cancer (PC) Cells. B, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells with 2.5 µM DHEAS and different concentrations of statins when incubated for 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with the DHEAS 2.5 µM and no statin state except when indicated. C, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells before (scrambled short hairpin RNA) and after (short hairpin RNA 2B1) SLCO2B1 is knocked down when incubated with 2.5 μM DHEAS and 100 μM atorvastatin for 10 and 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with scrambled short hairpin RNA after 10 minutes with DHEAS except when indicated. P = .02 for the comparison between scrambled short hairpin RNA with 10 vs 60 minutes of DHEAS incubation for LNCaP and .01 for 22RV1. Other P values are indicated in the figure. Bars indicate means and error bars indicate standard deviation.

Western blot analysis of Acetylated Histone and Histone. 0-10μM sodium valproate was added.

 

SK-BR-3, A549, HCT-116 and BT-474 cells were incubated with or without X66 for 1 h before exposed to GM, celastrol or MG132 for 8 h. Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot with indicated antibodies.

TUNEL staining of treated adipocytes and flow cytometry analysis of positive TUNEL cells (n=3).

After starved in serum-free medium for 24h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of Quercetin for 3h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

Cells were stimulated with TPA (10 nM) for 15 min in the presence of the indicated concentrations of U0126. Samples were collected and analyzed by Western blot to detect phosphorylated p42/p44 MAPK.

granulosa cells (GCs) with 24 h of melatonin (10 μM) treatment were rinsed in PBS, and then exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (10 mM), or the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) were added 1 h prior to H2O2 incubation. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± S.E; n = 3 in each group. *P < 0.05 (**P < 0.01) vs. vehicle group at 0 h. # Represents P < 0.05 (## Represents P < 0.01) vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. & Represents P > 0.05 vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. N, not significant, P > 0.05. δ Represents P < 0.05 (δδ Represents P < 0.01) vs. Z-VAD-FMK-treated cells.

Cells were treated with brefeldin A or manumycin A, and the resulting supernatant was collected after 48 h for exosomal preparation (lanes 1 and 2), or exosomes obtained from C81 cells were trypsin-treated or freeze/thawed (F/T) and then trypsin-treated (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 5 and 6, input exosome controls from C81 or CEM cells, respectively. Resulting exosomes were assayed for the presence of Tax by Western blotting.

Western blotting showed that in U87 cells treated with pitavastatin, the LC3-II isoform dramatically increased after statin treatment and showed at day 2, 3 and 4.

a Representative TUNEL/DAPI photomicrographs of ipsilateral cortex in different groups (scale bar = 100 μm).

Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. A) Cells were pre-treated +/- 1 uM olaparib (2h) then sequentially +/- 150nM PTX (24h) then +/- GMX 12nM (48h). Cells were harvested for (left) NAD+ quantification by LC-MS/MS (mean +/-SD of quadruplicates) or (right) viability by CellTiter-Glo (mean +/-SD of duplicates) B) PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A) by western blotting.

Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown.

STAT3 phosphorylation as determined by phospho flow, mixed lymphocyte reactions containing BALB/c spleen-derived CD4+ T cells co-cultured with or without C57BL/6 BM-derived DC preactivated with 20 ng/mL LPS.

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.

A, effects of p38 inhibitor SB203580 (1, 5, and 10 μM) on SRP72 protein expression was evaluated by WB using antibodies against human SRP72,SRP54, and GAPDH. A decreased intensity of SRP72 bands was noted when using the inhibitor at 5 μM concentration at 240 min (lane 6) and 10 μM at 120 and 240 min (lanes 8 and 9). B, results were analyzed and RUA illustrated, finding significant results at 5 μM, 240 versus 0 min, and 10 μM, 240 versus 0 and 120 versus 0 min, respectively, (p<0.05).