ROS

NOX activity was measured as lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence of superoxide. Incubation with febuxostat increased superoxide generation in nonactivated macrophages, but did not significantly influence superoxide formation in LPS-activated macrophages. Simultaneous treatment with febuxostat abolished the effect of nitrite during activation with LPS. Data are means±SEM (n=10-12). *, p<0.05.  LPS, lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml); NO2, sodium nitrite (10 μM); febuxostat, xanthine oxidase inhibitor (30 nM).

(C) Double immunolabeling showed CK-labeled cells (green) co-expressed with 40, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue), scale bars are 50 μm.

(C) Indicated macrophages were treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) in the absence or presence of GKT137831 (1 μmol/L) for 24 h. PKM2 mRNA and lactate levels were assayed (n = 3, *, p < 0.05 versus LPS group).

Vandetanib reduced extracellular nitrite levels in endothelial cells. MS1 endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with 1 mol/L of vandetanib or matched vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), 50 ng/mL of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or matched vehicle (PBS; 0.5 hours), and L-arginine and soluble N-ethylmaleamide sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) added (1.5 hours). Vandetanib lowered nitrite levels in MS1 Ecs (*P0.0003). VEGF was used a positive control and increased nitrite levels (**P0.02). These findings indicate that vandetanib lowered endothelial cell NO levels.

Expressions of active forms of all p90RSK isoforms were assessed by immunoblotting in Control vs. GR cells following treatment with increasing concentrations of BI-D1870 for 24 hours. Actin was included as a loading control.

Cells were plated at low density, treated with the indicated compounds and scored for resistance. Abbreviations: osimertinib (Osi), phenformin (Phen), metformin (Met), buformin (Buf), BAY 87-2243 (BAY), oligomycin (Oligo).

ADH and ALDH expressions in 40% ethanol loaded mice for three hours. Group 1, 500 lM taraxerone; Group 2, 1 mM taraxerone; Group 3, 3 mM DHM (positive control); Group 4, DMSO (control); Group 5, saline. Taraxerone and DHM were dissolved in DMSO, and all treated samples (ethanol, taraxerone, DHM, DMSO, and saline) were administered orally (5 mL/kg body weight). The same letters denote significant differences at p < 0.05, and the error bar represents standard deviation.

a. Cell growth of ARID1A-wildtype RMG1 cells transfected with ARID1A and non-target siRNA for 24 h and treated with piperlongumine for 72 h. b. Apoptosis of RMG1 cells after transfection and treatment as described in a as measured using annexin-V and PI staining. c. Cell growth of RMG1 cells transfected and treated with 5 μM of piperlongumine as described in a, but in the presence or absence of the antioxidant NAC. Cell growth was measured using the WST-1 assay and quantified relative to DMSO treated non-target control. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

NOX activity was measured as lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence of superoxide. Incubation with febuxostat increased superoxide generation in nonactivated macrophages, but did not significantly influence superoxide formation in LPS-activated macrophages. Simultaneous treatment with febuxostat abolished the effect of nitrite during activation with LPS. Data are means±SEM (n=10-12). *, p<0.05.  LPS, lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml); NO2, sodium nitrite (10 μM); febuxostat, xanthine oxidase inhibitor (30 nM).

(C) Double immunolabeling showed CK-labeled cells (green) co-expressed with 40, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue), scale bars are 50 μm.

(C) Indicated macrophages were treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) in the absence or presence of GKT137831 (1 μmol/L) for 24 h. PKM2 mRNA and lactate levels were assayed (n = 3, *, p < 0.05 versus LPS group).

Vandetanib reduced extracellular nitrite levels in endothelial cells. MS1 endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with 1 mol/L of vandetanib or matched vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), 50 ng/mL of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or matched vehicle (PBS; 0.5 hours), and L-arginine and soluble N-ethylmaleamide sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) added (1.5 hours). Vandetanib lowered nitrite levels in MS1 Ecs (*P0.0003). VEGF was used a positive control and increased nitrite levels (**P0.02). These findings indicate that vandetanib lowered endothelial cell NO levels.

Expressions of active forms of all p90RSK isoforms were assessed by immunoblotting in Control vs. GR cells following treatment with increasing concentrations of BI-D1870 for 24 hours. Actin was included as a loading control.

Cells were plated at low density, treated with the indicated compounds and scored for resistance. Abbreviations: osimertinib (Osi), phenformin (Phen), metformin (Met), buformin (Buf), BAY 87-2243 (BAY), oligomycin (Oligo).

ADH and ALDH expressions in 40% ethanol loaded mice for three hours. Group 1, 500 lM taraxerone; Group 2, 1 mM taraxerone; Group 3, 3 mM DHM (positive control); Group 4, DMSO (control); Group 5, saline. Taraxerone and DHM were dissolved in DMSO, and all treated samples (ethanol, taraxerone, DHM, DMSO, and saline) were administered orally (5 mL/kg body weight). The same letters denote significant differences at p < 0.05, and the error bar represents standard deviation.

a. Cell growth of ARID1A-wildtype RMG1 cells transfected with ARID1A and non-target siRNA for 24 h and treated with piperlongumine for 72 h. b. Apoptosis of RMG1 cells after transfection and treatment as described in a as measured using annexin-V and PI staining. c. Cell growth of RMG1 cells transfected and treated with 5 μM of piperlongumine as described in a, but in the presence or absence of the antioxidant NAC. Cell growth was measured using the WST-1 assay and quantified relative to DMSO treated non-target control. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.