HDAC

Western blot analysis of histone H3 acetylation in the spleen of untreated and vorinostat-treated hNF-E2 tg mice (n = 4 of each genotype).

(A) U87 cells were cultured in the presence of DMSO, 1 uM MS-275 alone, 100 ng/ml IFN-λ1 alone, or both for the course of 4 d. Cell numbers were manually determined by hemacytometer counting at the indicated time points. (B, F) Cell proliferation of U87 cells or U87 spheroids in 3D culture with indicated treatment were performed using the WST-1 assay, which measures active cellular metabolism. (C) U87 spheroid formation in 3D culture was photographed at day 14 in culture (representative images are shown; 200x magnification). (D-E) Quantification of the relative sizes and numbers of U87 spheroids in (C). (G) Cell cycle analysis was performed in U87 cells with indicated treatment using propidium iodide staining. Numbers in the histogram show fractions (percent) of sub-G1, N, 2N, and polyploidy from left to right. (H) U87 cells with indicated treatment were stained with Annexin V-FITC and 7-AAD. Numbers indicate the percentage of FITC-positive cells (upper left quadrant). FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; 7-AAD, 7-Aminoactinomycin. In all panels, data represent the mean and SEM of at least three experiments.

LSD1 and HDAC inhibitors exhibit synergistic growth inhibition. Cells were simultaneously treated with pargyline or HDAC inhibitors for 48 h.

 

HCT116 p53 null cells were treated with different HDACIs (1 μM TSA, 5 μM M344, 1 μM MS-275, 5 mM But, 10 mM VPA) for 24 h, and their expression of GRP78, PERK-eIF2α axis and ATF4, ATF3, CHOP and DR5 proteins.

 

Comparison of MCAS ovarian cancer cells harboring control and CtBP2 knockdown shRNAs for sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. For each cell line, the MTT reading of the untreated cells was assigned as 100%. HDAC inhibitors: (a) Trichostatin A; (b) Vorinostat; (c) Belinostat; (d) MGCD0103; (e) valproic acid; and (f ) carboplatin, a non-HDAC inhibitor.

Inhibition of LSD1 activity by HDAC inhibitors. a MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were exposed to indicated HDAC inhibitors for 24 h.

Effects of combination of bort/romidepsin on HDAC6 inhibition and activation of ER stress signaling. HA cells were treated with combination of 15 nM bortezomib and 5 nM romidepsin or either drug alone for 24 hr. Expression of CHOP/GADD153 (green signals) and cleaved PARP (red signals) was detected by immunofluorescent staining. DAPI (blue signals) stained the cell nuclei.

 

HDAC4 is down-regulated during starvation, and its inhibition leads to HIV-1 reactivation in ACH-2 cells. (B) Real-time PCR quantification of US HIV-1 RNA in ACH-2 cells incubated with DMSO (mock of MC1568), MC1568, or TSA at the reported times…(D) 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay for cell viability and proliferation of daily collected supernatants from ACH-2 cells incubated for 3 d.

Control and MEC17 KD macrophages (RAW264.7) were treated with TBSA or DMSO for 12 hours followed by LPS treatment for indicated time. p38 phosphorylation were determined by immuno-blotting.

Cells were treated with indicated HDAC inhibitors for 4 days and then cultured without drug for an additional 4 days. On day 8, HDAC inhibitors were added back to the culture for another 4 days. The percentage of GFP-positive cells was measured at days 4, 8 and 12. The concentrations of HDAC inhibitors used for the experiments are as follows: vorinostat, 1 uM; TsA, 200 nM; oxamflatin, 1 uM; scriptaid, 1 uM; belinostat, 200 nM; and givinostat, 200 nM. The fraction of GFP-positive cells was measured by flow cytometry at the indicated timepoints. The effect of HDAC inhibitors or anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies over time was normalized to the effect of anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies at day 2. Error bars represent SEM, n = 3. APHA, 3-(1-methyl-4-phenylacetyl-1H-2-pyrrolyl)-N-hydroxypropenamide.

Class I selective HDACi have the highest INS-1 rescue potential . INS-1 cells were monitored using the real-time xCELLigence system h and the impedance (cell adhesion) was measured as a surrogate of cell viability (cell index) as described in the Methods. (a ) The impedance of duplicates of control (green line), cytokine-exposed (red line) and cytokine+ITF-J-exposed INS-1 cells (blue line) was followed from the start of exposure (indicated by the arrow). Heat maps of 13 different ITF HDAC inhibitor compounds ( b )orsix different commercial HDAC inhibitor compounds (c) were made based on their IC50 values towards selected HDACs . The HDACi inhibitors are ranked after rescue potential according to ESM Tables 1, 2 .( c) Values are corrected for differences in potency since they varied from 33.3 (CI-994) to 0.041 (LAQ824). (d ) Colour code for both heat maps: low IC50 values coloured red, intermediate IC50 values coloured black and high IC50 values coloured blue; grey indicates undetermined IC50.

(a) Decay-corrected microPET/CT scan of MDA-MB-231 tumor bearing mice (n = 4) at 2, 4, and 24 h after i.v. injection of [64Cu]7. The image obtained with coinjection of CUDC-101 (20 mg/kg body weight) is shown for a 24 h blockade. Tumors are indicated by arrows. (b) Decay-corrected region-of interest (ROI) analysis on microPET images of the tumor uptake of [64Cu]7 with or without coinjection of CUDC-101 (20 mg/kg body weight). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.

WT ESCs were treated with varying concentrations of the HDAC1 specific inhibitor JNJ-26481585 for 24 h. Lysates were collected for ChIP experiments, and a H3K27ac antibody was used for immunoprecipitation (IP). qPCR was performed using primers specific for Hoxa1 RARE2. ChIP with an IgG antibody (negative control) is included in each panel. Error bars represent standard error of independent experiments where n = 3 for biological repeats. *, p < 0.05.

Hyperacetylation of P. falciparum proteins by SB939. Synchronous 3D7 trophozoite-stage P. falciparum parasites were treated with 50 or 500 nM chloroquine (CQ), SAHA, or SB939 or with vehicle only (control; 0.05% DMSO) for 3 h. Following saponin lysis, parasite protein lysates were prepared and SDS-PAGE and Western blotting carried out using anti-acetyl H4 or anti-pan-acetyl lysine (K103) antibodies. Coomassie blue staining was carried out as a loading control.

(d) Effects of HDAC8 activity on ISO-induced augmentation of apoptosis and TIPRL expression. H1299 cells were sequentially treated with 10 μm PCI-34051 for 24 h, ISO for 30 min and 50 μM cisplatin for 48 h before the western blot analysis.

Chemical inhibition of HDAC3, -6, and -8 with the selective HDAC inhibitor Droxinostat (2 uM) resulted in a significant increase in the percent of 2D10 cells expressing GFP in cells that had been depleted of HDAC3 but not HDAC1 or -2. (*p<0.05).

Class I selective HDACi have the highest INS-1 rescue potential . INS-1 cells were monitored using the real-time xCELLigence system h and the impedance (cell adhesion) was measured as a surrogate of cell viability (cell index) as described in the Methods. (a ) The impedance of duplicates of control (green line), cytokine-exposed (red line) and cytokine+ITF-J-exposed INS-1 cells (blue line) was followed from the start of exposure (indicated by the arrow). Heat maps of 13 different ITF HDAC inhibitor compounds ( b )orsix different commercial HDAC inhibitor compounds (c) were made based on their IC50 values towards selected HDACs . The HDACi inhibitors are ranked after rescue potential according to ESM Tables 1, 2 .( c) Values are corrected for differences in potency since they varied from 33.3 (CI-994) to 0.041 (LAQ824). (d ) Colour code for both heat maps: low IC50 values coloured red, intermediate IC50 values coloured black and high IC50 values coloured blue; grey indicates undetermined IC50.

THP-1 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of Ara-C and/or RGFP966 for 24 h, and lysates were immunoblotted for p-AKT473, AKT and γH2AX.

One- to 2-month-old mice of both genotypes showed an increase in H3K4me3 (n = 5 to 6 per group) associated with a dose-dependent increase in neurogenesis in Kmt2d+/βGeo mice (monitored by normalized DCX expression) (n = 4 to 6 per group) upon treatment with the HDACi AR-42. There was no difference in either H3K4me3 or neurogenesis between Kmt2d+/βGeo and Kmt2d+/+ animals at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day.

(a) Representative images from hTERT RPE-1 cells transiently transfected with siControl (siC), treated with vehicle (DMSO), alisertib (MLN8237) or rocilinostat (ACY1215) at the time of serum withdrawal for 48 h. Ciliation monitored by immunofluorescent staining using acetylated α-tubulin (cilia marker) and pericentrin (basal body marker). Nuclei counterstained using DAPI. Highlighted boxes show magnified cilia. Scale bar, 3 μM.

Western blot analysis of Acetylated Histone and Histone. 0-10μM sodium valproate was added.

 

A, 5×10⁶ HeLa, A549, 293T, and H1299 cells were seeded in 10-cm cell culture dishes on day 0 and treated with dimethyl sulfoxide, 10 μM CI994, or 1 μM RGFP966 for 12 h. Cell lysates were collected for Western blotting analysis of Apaf-1 and -actin.

Representative Oil Red O staining of lipid-filled mature adipocytes on day 7 for uninduced cells (a), adipocyteinduced hMSCs exposed to the vehicle control (b) or CUDC-907-treated cells (500 nM) (c). Nile red staining (d and e) on day 7 of post-adipocytic induction in hMSCs and after exposure to CUDC-907. Images were captured at ×20 magnification using the FLoid Cell Imaging Station. The level of Nile red staining was quantified using the Molecular Devices M5 Microplate Reader (f). Data are presented as mean ± S.E (n = 16) from three independent experiments, ***P <0.0005.

U87 cells were cultured with DMSO or 10 µM 5azadC for 72 h. For the latter, 1 µM Trichostatin A (TSA), 10 mM sodium butyrate (NaBu), 5 mM nicotinamide (NAM), or 0.5 µM apicidin were added in the last 24 h. IFNLR1 expression was determined by RT-qPCR.

HCT116 p53 null cells were treated with different HDACIs (1 μM TSA, 5 μM M344, 1 μM MS-275, 5 mM But, 10 mM VPA) for 24 h. ATF4, ATF3, CHOP and DR5 proteins were measured by Western blot.

Verification of Hdac6 deletion in knockout MEFs. Expression of HDAC6 and acetylation of tubulin were analyzed by immunoblotting.

The cells were treated with 1 μM RG2833 (HDAC1/3 inhibitor), 2 μM RGFP966 (HDAC3 inhibitor), 1 μM TSA (pan-HDAC inhibitor), or vehicle for 16 h in serum-free medium. Cell lysates were analysed by Western blotting for expression of SREBP-2 activated fragment, HMG-CoA reductase and APP. Shown are representative blots and quantifications with means ± SEM of the indicated number of independent experiments performed in duplicate. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; n.s., not significant in one-sample t-test.

Assessment of apoptosis by flow cytometry. (A) SCC25 cells were treated with 2.5 μM and 5 μM resminostat. *Significant induction of cell death.

Divalproex sodium increases the level of acetylated histone H3 level in ataxin-3-transfected HEK293 cells. Normal (15CAG) or expanded (77CAG) ataxin-3-transfected cells were treated with divalproex sodium (Selleck chemical, 0.3 mmol/L in DMSO, (+)) or with DMSO alone (−) 48 h after transfection. The cells were treated with divalproex sodium or DMSO over 6, 12, and 24 h. The Western blot was probed with antiacetylated histone H3, antihistone H3, and antiataxin-3. Antibodies include antihistone H3 and antiataxin-3 are used as controls. The x-axis shows the different treatment group. The y-axis represents the acetylated histone H3 values normalized to histone H3. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Data represent three independent experiments (n = 3). The data with a normal distribution were analyzed with Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05

The relative expression of Oct4, Nanog, Klf4 and Sox2 at the blastocyst stage in ICSI-, ROSI- and ROSI + incubation of zygotes with 250 nM Scriptaid for 10 h (ROSI-S)-derived embryos. Five blastocysts in each pool were examined to obtain the data set in each column. Q-PCR analysis was performed in triplicate. Different letters indicate significant differences between values (P < 0.05).

Representative images and quantitative analysis results of the transwell experiment. Notes: (A) Results of migration assay for DU145. (B) Results of invasion assay for DU145. (C) Results of migration assay for PC3. (D) Results of invasion assay for PC3. “*” Means significantly different from control group, P<0.05. Abbreviation: SPB, sodium phenylbutyrate.

Control and MEC17 KD macrophages (RAW264.7) were treated with TBSA or DMSO for 12 hours followed by LPS treatment for indicated time. p38 phosphorylation were determined by immuno-blotting.

Staining of live (calcein-AM, green) and dead (PI, red) UCC cells after 72 h of treatment with TMP269. Data shown are a representative experiment of a set of 3

Effect of HDAC inhibitors on the expression of key cell cycle-related proteins in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. CAY: CAY10683

Western blot images suggested inhibition of HDAC4 increased the expression of NOX4 and MMP-9, and treatment with 10 μM SCM-198 reduced the raised levels of NOX4 and MMP-9.

Effects of HPOB on GCs-induced apoptosis in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells. (A) Effect of 48 h treatment with HPOB alone and (B) anti-apoptotic effect of HPOB pre-treatment for 24 h on Cort-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. The results are expressed as the means ± SD of three independent experiments. ## indicates a significant difference from the control (P < 0.01). * indicates a significant difference from treatment with Cort alone at P < 0.05. ** indicates a significant difference from treatment with Cort alone at P < 0.01.

Upper panel: qPCR analysis of CDX2-negative HT29 cells treated with increasing concentrations of the DNMTi decitabine (1.25 μM, 2.5 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM) for 48 h and increasing concentrations of the HDAC4/5i LMK-235 (5 nM, 10 nM, 20 nM, 40 nM, 80 nM). Data were normalized to the HMBS housekeeping gene and are shown as n-fold regulation compared with DMSO-treated cells. MWU: ***p < 0.001, (n = 4). Lower panel: CDX2 Western blot analysis of the three highest concentrations for both compounds of HT29 cells treated as above. Total protein is shown as a loading control. Percentage indicates amount of protein normalized to respective DMSO controls

HDAC inhibitors disrupt SS18-SSX/TLE1 co-localization. A significant decrease in detectable PLA signal following HDAC inhibition in SYO-1 cells A, B. is also confirmed by immunoprecipitation C. The decrease in PLA co-localization signal correlates with apoptosis induction by HDAC inhibitor FK228 in SYO-1 cells.

 G. To evaluate effects of IKBKE/TBK1 inhibition on NF-κB signaling in Ewing, TC32 cells were incubated with CYT387 for six hours prior to stimulation with TNF-α (30 ng/mL). IκBα degradation was measured by harvesting TC32 cells thirty minutes after stimulation with TNF-α. TNF-α stimulation resulted in degradation of IκBα, and this effect was attenuated with CYT387 treatment. Parthenolide, an inhibitor of IκBα phosphorylation was used as a positive control. Similar effects of CYT387 activity were seen in HEK-293T cells which also express IKBKΕ. Nuclear extracts were prepared from TC32 cells harvested following forty-five minutes of TNF-α stimulation. Treatment with CYT387 resulted in decreased nuclear localization of NF-κB family proteins RelA/p65 and c-Rel. There was a modest impairment of p50 nuclear localization as compared to parthenolide and DMSO controls and no change in p52 nuclear localization. RelB (not shown) is not expressed in TC32 cells

U87 and U251 cells were treated with HDAC6 selective inhibitors and the cells were harvested for subsequent western blot analysis.

Western blot analysis of histone H3 acetylation in the spleen of untreated and vorinostat-treated hNF-E2 tg mice (n = 4 of each genotype).

(A) U87 cells were cultured in the presence of DMSO, 1 uM MS-275 alone, 100 ng/ml IFN-λ1 alone, or both for the course of 4 d. Cell numbers were manually determined by hemacytometer counting at the indicated time points. (B, F) Cell proliferation of U87 cells or U87 spheroids in 3D culture with indicated treatment were performed using the WST-1 assay, which measures active cellular metabolism. (C) U87 spheroid formation in 3D culture was photographed at day 14 in culture (representative images are shown; 200x magnification). (D-E) Quantification of the relative sizes and numbers of U87 spheroids in (C). (G) Cell cycle analysis was performed in U87 cells with indicated treatment using propidium iodide staining. Numbers in the histogram show fractions (percent) of sub-G1, N, 2N, and polyploidy from left to right. (H) U87 cells with indicated treatment were stained with Annexin V-FITC and 7-AAD. Numbers indicate the percentage of FITC-positive cells (upper left quadrant). FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; 7-AAD, 7-Aminoactinomycin. In all panels, data represent the mean and SEM of at least three experiments.

LSD1 and HDAC inhibitors exhibit synergistic growth inhibition. Cells were simultaneously treated with pargyline or HDAC inhibitors for 48 h.

 

HCT116 p53 null cells were treated with different HDACIs (1 μM TSA, 5 μM M344, 1 μM MS-275, 5 mM But, 10 mM VPA) for 24 h, and their expression of GRP78, PERK-eIF2α axis and ATF4, ATF3, CHOP and DR5 proteins.

 

Comparison of MCAS ovarian cancer cells harboring control and CtBP2 knockdown shRNAs for sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. For each cell line, the MTT reading of the untreated cells was assigned as 100%. HDAC inhibitors: (a) Trichostatin A; (b) Vorinostat; (c) Belinostat; (d) MGCD0103; (e) valproic acid; and (f ) carboplatin, a non-HDAC inhibitor.

Inhibition of LSD1 activity by HDAC inhibitors. a MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were exposed to indicated HDAC inhibitors for 24 h.

Effects of combination of bort/romidepsin on HDAC6 inhibition and activation of ER stress signaling. HA cells were treated with combination of 15 nM bortezomib and 5 nM romidepsin or either drug alone for 24 hr. Expression of CHOP/GADD153 (green signals) and cleaved PARP (red signals) was detected by immunofluorescent staining. DAPI (blue signals) stained the cell nuclei.

 

HDAC4 is down-regulated during starvation, and its inhibition leads to HIV-1 reactivation in ACH-2 cells. (B) Real-time PCR quantification of US HIV-1 RNA in ACH-2 cells incubated with DMSO (mock of MC1568), MC1568, or TSA at the reported times…(D) 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay for cell viability and proliferation of daily collected supernatants from ACH-2 cells incubated for 3 d.

Control and MEC17 KD macrophages (RAW264.7) were treated with TBSA or DMSO for 12 hours followed by LPS treatment for indicated time. p38 phosphorylation were determined by immuno-blotting.

Cells were treated with indicated HDAC inhibitors for 4 days and then cultured without drug for an additional 4 days. On day 8, HDAC inhibitors were added back to the culture for another 4 days. The percentage of GFP-positive cells was measured at days 4, 8 and 12. The concentrations of HDAC inhibitors used for the experiments are as follows: vorinostat, 1 uM; TsA, 200 nM; oxamflatin, 1 uM; scriptaid, 1 uM; belinostat, 200 nM; and givinostat, 200 nM. The fraction of GFP-positive cells was measured by flow cytometry at the indicated timepoints. The effect of HDAC inhibitors or anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies over time was normalized to the effect of anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies at day 2. Error bars represent SEM, n = 3. APHA, 3-(1-methyl-4-phenylacetyl-1H-2-pyrrolyl)-N-hydroxypropenamide.

Class I selective HDACi have the highest INS-1 rescue potential . INS-1 cells were monitored using the real-time xCELLigence system h and the impedance (cell adhesion) was measured as a surrogate of cell viability (cell index) as described in the Methods. (a ) The impedance of duplicates of control (green line), cytokine-exposed (red line) and cytokine+ITF-J-exposed INS-1 cells (blue line) was followed from the start of exposure (indicated by the arrow). Heat maps of 13 different ITF HDAC inhibitor compounds ( b )orsix different commercial HDAC inhibitor compounds (c) were made based on their IC50 values towards selected HDACs . The HDACi inhibitors are ranked after rescue potential according to ESM Tables 1, 2 .( c) Values are corrected for differences in potency since they varied from 33.3 (CI-994) to 0.041 (LAQ824). (d ) Colour code for both heat maps: low IC50 values coloured red, intermediate IC50 values coloured black and high IC50 values coloured blue; grey indicates undetermined IC50.

(a) Decay-corrected microPET/CT scan of MDA-MB-231 tumor bearing mice (n = 4) at 2, 4, and 24 h after i.v. injection of [64Cu]7. The image obtained with coinjection of CUDC-101 (20 mg/kg body weight) is shown for a 24 h blockade. Tumors are indicated by arrows. (b) Decay-corrected region-of interest (ROI) analysis on microPET images of the tumor uptake of [64Cu]7 with or without coinjection of CUDC-101 (20 mg/kg body weight). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.

WT ESCs were treated with varying concentrations of the HDAC1 specific inhibitor JNJ-26481585 for 24 h. Lysates were collected for ChIP experiments, and a H3K27ac antibody was used for immunoprecipitation (IP). qPCR was performed using primers specific for Hoxa1 RARE2. ChIP with an IgG antibody (negative control) is included in each panel. Error bars represent standard error of independent experiments where n = 3 for biological repeats. *, p < 0.05.

Hyperacetylation of P. falciparum proteins by SB939. Synchronous 3D7 trophozoite-stage P. falciparum parasites were treated with 50 or 500 nM chloroquine (CQ), SAHA, or SB939 or with vehicle only (control; 0.05% DMSO) for 3 h. Following saponin lysis, parasite protein lysates were prepared and SDS-PAGE and Western blotting carried out using anti-acetyl H4 or anti-pan-acetyl lysine (K103) antibodies. Coomassie blue staining was carried out as a loading control.

(d) Effects of HDAC8 activity on ISO-induced augmentation of apoptosis and TIPRL expression. H1299 cells were sequentially treated with 10 μm PCI-34051 for 24 h, ISO for 30 min and 50 μM cisplatin for 48 h before the western blot analysis.

Chemical inhibition of HDAC3, -6, and -8 with the selective HDAC inhibitor Droxinostat (2 uM) resulted in a significant increase in the percent of 2D10 cells expressing GFP in cells that had been depleted of HDAC3 but not HDAC1 or -2. (*p<0.05).

Class I selective HDACi have the highest INS-1 rescue potential . INS-1 cells were monitored using the real-time xCELLigence system h and the impedance (cell adhesion) was measured as a surrogate of cell viability (cell index) as described in the Methods. (a ) The impedance of duplicates of control (green line), cytokine-exposed (red line) and cytokine+ITF-J-exposed INS-1 cells (blue line) was followed from the start of exposure (indicated by the arrow). Heat maps of 13 different ITF HDAC inhibitor compounds ( b )orsix different commercial HDAC inhibitor compounds (c) were made based on their IC50 values towards selected HDACs . The HDACi inhibitors are ranked after rescue potential according to ESM Tables 1, 2 .( c) Values are corrected for differences in potency since they varied from 33.3 (CI-994) to 0.041 (LAQ824). (d ) Colour code for both heat maps: low IC50 values coloured red, intermediate IC50 values coloured black and high IC50 values coloured blue; grey indicates undetermined IC50.

THP-1 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of Ara-C and/or RGFP966 for 24 h, and lysates were immunoblotted for p-AKT473, AKT and γH2AX.

One- to 2-month-old mice of both genotypes showed an increase in H3K4me3 (n = 5 to 6 per group) associated with a dose-dependent increase in neurogenesis in Kmt2d+/βGeo mice (monitored by normalized DCX expression) (n = 4 to 6 per group) upon treatment with the HDACi AR-42. There was no difference in either H3K4me3 or neurogenesis between Kmt2d+/βGeo and Kmt2d+/+ animals at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day.

(a) Representative images from hTERT RPE-1 cells transiently transfected with siControl (siC), treated with vehicle (DMSO), alisertib (MLN8237) or rocilinostat (ACY1215) at the time of serum withdrawal for 48 h. Ciliation monitored by immunofluorescent staining using acetylated α-tubulin (cilia marker) and pericentrin (basal body marker). Nuclei counterstained using DAPI. Highlighted boxes show magnified cilia. Scale bar, 3 μM.

Western blot analysis of Acetylated Histone and Histone. 0-10μM sodium valproate was added.

 

A, 5×10⁶ HeLa, A549, 293T, and H1299 cells were seeded in 10-cm cell culture dishes on day 0 and treated with dimethyl sulfoxide, 10 μM CI994, or 1 μM RGFP966 for 12 h. Cell lysates were collected for Western blotting analysis of Apaf-1 and -actin.

Representative Oil Red O staining of lipid-filled mature adipocytes on day 7 for uninduced cells (a), adipocyteinduced hMSCs exposed to the vehicle control (b) or CUDC-907-treated cells (500 nM) (c). Nile red staining (d and e) on day 7 of post-adipocytic induction in hMSCs and after exposure to CUDC-907. Images were captured at ×20 magnification using the FLoid Cell Imaging Station. The level of Nile red staining was quantified using the Molecular Devices M5 Microplate Reader (f). Data are presented as mean ± S.E (n = 16) from three independent experiments, ***P <0.0005.

U87 cells were cultured with DMSO or 10 µM 5azadC for 72 h. For the latter, 1 µM Trichostatin A (TSA), 10 mM sodium butyrate (NaBu), 5 mM nicotinamide (NAM), or 0.5 µM apicidin were added in the last 24 h. IFNLR1 expression was determined by RT-qPCR.

HCT116 p53 null cells were treated with different HDACIs (1 μM TSA, 5 μM M344, 1 μM MS-275, 5 mM But, 10 mM VPA) for 24 h. ATF4, ATF3, CHOP and DR5 proteins were measured by Western blot.

Verification of Hdac6 deletion in knockout MEFs. Expression of HDAC6 and acetylation of tubulin were analyzed by immunoblotting.

The cells were treated with 1 μM RG2833 (HDAC1/3 inhibitor), 2 μM RGFP966 (HDAC3 inhibitor), 1 μM TSA (pan-HDAC inhibitor), or vehicle for 16 h in serum-free medium. Cell lysates were analysed by Western blotting for expression of SREBP-2 activated fragment, HMG-CoA reductase and APP. Shown are representative blots and quantifications with means ± SEM of the indicated number of independent experiments performed in duplicate. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; n.s., not significant in one-sample t-test.

Assessment of apoptosis by flow cytometry. (A) SCC25 cells were treated with 2.5 μM and 5 μM resminostat. *Significant induction of cell death.

Divalproex sodium increases the level of acetylated histone H3 level in ataxin-3-transfected HEK293 cells. Normal (15CAG) or expanded (77CAG) ataxin-3-transfected cells were treated with divalproex sodium (Selleck chemical, 0.3 mmol/L in DMSO, (+)) or with DMSO alone (−) 48 h after transfection. The cells were treated with divalproex sodium or DMSO over 6, 12, and 24 h. The Western blot was probed with antiacetylated histone H3, antihistone H3, and antiataxin-3. Antibodies include antihistone H3 and antiataxin-3 are used as controls. The x-axis shows the different treatment group. The y-axis represents the acetylated histone H3 values normalized to histone H3. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Data represent three independent experiments (n = 3). The data with a normal distribution were analyzed with Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05

The relative expression of Oct4, Nanog, Klf4 and Sox2 at the blastocyst stage in ICSI-, ROSI- and ROSI + incubation of zygotes with 250 nM Scriptaid for 10 h (ROSI-S)-derived embryos. Five blastocysts in each pool were examined to obtain the data set in each column. Q-PCR analysis was performed in triplicate. Different letters indicate significant differences between values (P < 0.05).

Representative images and quantitative analysis results of the transwell experiment. Notes: (A) Results of migration assay for DU145. (B) Results of invasion assay for DU145. (C) Results of migration assay for PC3. (D) Results of invasion assay for PC3. “*” Means significantly different from control group, P<0.05. Abbreviation: SPB, sodium phenylbutyrate.

Control and MEC17 KD macrophages (RAW264.7) were treated with TBSA or DMSO for 12 hours followed by LPS treatment for indicated time. p38 phosphorylation were determined by immuno-blotting.

Staining of live (calcein-AM, green) and dead (PI, red) UCC cells after 72 h of treatment with TMP269. Data shown are a representative experiment of a set of 3

Effect of HDAC inhibitors on the expression of key cell cycle-related proteins in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. CAY: CAY10683

Western blot images suggested inhibition of HDAC4 increased the expression of NOX4 and MMP-9, and treatment with 10 μM SCM-198 reduced the raised levels of NOX4 and MMP-9.

Effects of HPOB on GCs-induced apoptosis in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells. (A) Effect of 48 h treatment with HPOB alone and (B) anti-apoptotic effect of HPOB pre-treatment for 24 h on Cort-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. The results are expressed as the means ± SD of three independent experiments. ## indicates a significant difference from the control (P < 0.01). * indicates a significant difference from treatment with Cort alone at P < 0.05. ** indicates a significant difference from treatment with Cort alone at P < 0.01.

Upper panel: qPCR analysis of CDX2-negative HT29 cells treated with increasing concentrations of the DNMTi decitabine (1.25 μM, 2.5 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM) for 48 h and increasing concentrations of the HDAC4/5i LMK-235 (5 nM, 10 nM, 20 nM, 40 nM, 80 nM). Data were normalized to the HMBS housekeeping gene and are shown as n-fold regulation compared with DMSO-treated cells. MWU: ***p < 0.001, (n = 4). Lower panel: CDX2 Western blot analysis of the three highest concentrations for both compounds of HT29 cells treated as above. Total protein is shown as a loading control. Percentage indicates amount of protein normalized to respective DMSO controls

HDAC inhibitors disrupt SS18-SSX/TLE1 co-localization. A significant decrease in detectable PLA signal following HDAC inhibition in SYO-1 cells A, B. is also confirmed by immunoprecipitation C. The decrease in PLA co-localization signal correlates with apoptosis induction by HDAC inhibitor FK228 in SYO-1 cells.

 G. To evaluate effects of IKBKE/TBK1 inhibition on NF-κB signaling in Ewing, TC32 cells were incubated with CYT387 for six hours prior to stimulation with TNF-α (30 ng/mL). IκBα degradation was measured by harvesting TC32 cells thirty minutes after stimulation with TNF-α. TNF-α stimulation resulted in degradation of IκBα, and this effect was attenuated with CYT387 treatment. Parthenolide, an inhibitor of IκBα phosphorylation was used as a positive control. Similar effects of CYT387 activity were seen in HEK-293T cells which also express IKBKΕ. Nuclear extracts were prepared from TC32 cells harvested following forty-five minutes of TNF-α stimulation. Treatment with CYT387 resulted in decreased nuclear localization of NF-κB family proteins RelA/p65 and c-Rel. There was a modest impairment of p50 nuclear localization as compared to parthenolide and DMSO controls and no change in p52 nuclear localization. RelB (not shown) is not expressed in TC32 cells

U87 and U251 cells were treated with HDAC6 selective inhibitors and the cells were harvested for subsequent western blot analysis.