PDGFR

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

THOC5 phospho-Y225 levels were assessed in the populations shown by flow cytometry following 24 h treatment with 5 μM imatinib, 150 nM dasatinib or 5 μM nilotinib. Results are displayed as mean fluorescence intensity (n= 4) ±s.e.m.

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.

Secondary assay development. The invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids was measured using modified Boyden chambers coated with Matrigel™. Invading cells were fixed, stained with DAPI, and quantified by fluorescence microscopy using 5 random fields per filter insert in triplicate. U0126, PF2341066, axitinib, and PKC412 inhibited the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids by ~90% as compared to untreated spheroids (UT). ***p ≤ 0.001. IGF1R and dasatinib displayed no statistical difference as compared to UT MDA-MB-231 spheroids.

Inhibition of thymidine (a and b) and cytarabine (c and d) uptake with imatinib. K562 cells (a and c) and MEG-01 cells (b and d) were incubated at 37 ◦C for 15 min with imatinib transport buffer, and then incubated with 0.5 Ci of [3H] thymidine or [3H] cytarabine for an additional 5 min in presence of imatinib. Cells were then washed 3 times, lysed and radioactivity associated to cell pellets was quantified. DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; DPD, dipyridamole.

Effect of BIBF 1120 on the accumulation of doxorubicin (Dox) and rhodamine 123. The accumulations of doxorubicin a, b and rhodamine 123 c, d were measured by flow cytometric analysis as described in "Materials and Methods". The results are presented as fold change in fluorescence intensity relative to control MDR cells. Columns, means of triplicate determinations; bars, SDs. **P<0.01 versus control group

Orthotopic xenografts of HNSCC cell lines (A) SCC-1 and (B) OSC-19 were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg/day). In addition, the OSC-19 xenografts were treated with +/ radiation therapy. Marker, mean for triplicate; bars, SE. Statistical significance by unpaired t-test, p < 0.05.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

Effect of select kinase inhibitors on DF508-CFTR maturation analyzed by immunoblotting. 293MSR-GT cells stably expressing DF508-CFTR were treated with 15 uM kinase inhibitors or 0.3% DMSO (vehicle control), as indicated, grown at 37°C for 48 h, and the appearance of the mature protein, band C, monitored by immunoblotting with anti-CFTR antibodies. Band B represents the immature protein. DMSO represents vehicle- alone control, 27°C represents temperature rescue of F508-CFTR at 27°C, 37°C represents untreated DF508-CFTR control, and WT represents WT-CFTR. Top panels depict the anti-CFTR immunoblot and bottom panels depict actin (loading) control. ** represents cellular toxicity.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

After inoculation with KAT4 cells, administration of compounds including MK-2206 (100 mg/kg), tyrphostin AG 1296 (100 mg/kg), or a combination of MK-2206 (100 mg/kg) and tyrphostin AG 1296 (100 mg/kg) was performed. The combination of MK-2206 and tyrphostin AG 1296 induced significant apoptosis of KAT4 tumor cells in vivo measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay (green), and nuclei were stained with Hoechst (blue).

(c) Percent survival for the AGS cancer cell line is shown with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. (d) The KatoIII diffuse gastric cancer cell line was treated with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. The Y-axis depicts percent survival versus the X-axis with log concentrations. In all panels, error bars represent standard error of the mean. The difference in percent cell survival between KatoIII and AGS cells was statistically significant (P <0.05) at the three highest concentrations of all drugs, except Brivanib which was only significant at the highest concentration.

E, Continuous ERK phosphorylation in FGFR inhibitor resistant cells under 24-hour treatment with 1 μmol/L BGJ398 assessed by immunoblotting. FGFR inhibitors: AZD4547, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

THOC5 phospho-Y225 levels were assessed in the populations shown by flow cytometry following 24 h treatment with 5 μM imatinib, 150 nM dasatinib or 5 μM nilotinib. Results are displayed as mean fluorescence intensity (n= 4) ±s.e.m.

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.

Secondary assay development. The invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids was measured using modified Boyden chambers coated with Matrigel™. Invading cells were fixed, stained with DAPI, and quantified by fluorescence microscopy using 5 random fields per filter insert in triplicate. U0126, PF2341066, axitinib, and PKC412 inhibited the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids by ~90% as compared to untreated spheroids (UT). ***p ≤ 0.001. IGF1R and dasatinib displayed no statistical difference as compared to UT MDA-MB-231 spheroids.

Inhibition of thymidine (a and b) and cytarabine (c and d) uptake with imatinib. K562 cells (a and c) and MEG-01 cells (b and d) were incubated at 37 ◦C for 15 min with imatinib transport buffer, and then incubated with 0.5 Ci of [3H] thymidine or [3H] cytarabine for an additional 5 min in presence of imatinib. Cells were then washed 3 times, lysed and radioactivity associated to cell pellets was quantified. DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; DPD, dipyridamole.

Effect of BIBF 1120 on the accumulation of doxorubicin (Dox) and rhodamine 123. The accumulations of doxorubicin a, b and rhodamine 123 c, d were measured by flow cytometric analysis as described in "Materials and Methods". The results are presented as fold change in fluorescence intensity relative to control MDR cells. Columns, means of triplicate determinations; bars, SDs. **P<0.01 versus control group

Orthotopic xenografts of HNSCC cell lines (A) SCC-1 and (B) OSC-19 were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg/day). In addition, the OSC-19 xenografts were treated with +/ radiation therapy. Marker, mean for triplicate; bars, SE. Statistical significance by unpaired t-test, p < 0.05.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

Effect of select kinase inhibitors on DF508-CFTR maturation analyzed by immunoblotting. 293MSR-GT cells stably expressing DF508-CFTR were treated with 15 uM kinase inhibitors or 0.3% DMSO (vehicle control), as indicated, grown at 37°C for 48 h, and the appearance of the mature protein, band C, monitored by immunoblotting with anti-CFTR antibodies. Band B represents the immature protein. DMSO represents vehicle- alone control, 27°C represents temperature rescue of F508-CFTR at 27°C, 37°C represents untreated DF508-CFTR control, and WT represents WT-CFTR. Top panels depict the anti-CFTR immunoblot and bottom panels depict actin (loading) control. ** represents cellular toxicity.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

After inoculation with KAT4 cells, administration of compounds including MK-2206 (100 mg/kg), tyrphostin AG 1296 (100 mg/kg), or a combination of MK-2206 (100 mg/kg) and tyrphostin AG 1296 (100 mg/kg) was performed. The combination of MK-2206 and tyrphostin AG 1296 induced significant apoptosis of KAT4 tumor cells in vivo measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay (green), and nuclei were stained with Hoechst (blue).

(c) Percent survival for the AGS cancer cell line is shown with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. (d) The KatoIII diffuse gastric cancer cell line was treated with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. The Y-axis depicts percent survival versus the X-axis with log concentrations. In all panels, error bars represent standard error of the mean. The difference in percent cell survival between KatoIII and AGS cells was statistically significant (P <0.05) at the three highest concentrations of all drugs, except Brivanib which was only significant at the highest concentration.

E, Continuous ERK phosphorylation in FGFR inhibitor resistant cells under 24-hour treatment with 1 μmol/L BGJ398 assessed by immunoblotting. FGFR inhibitors: AZD4547, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.