FLT3

 

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

Senescence induction upon PKCι depletion combined with aurora kinase inhibition. ( a) MCF7 cells were transfected as above to deplete PKCι . Two days after transfection, cells were treated for the indicated time period with 400 n M VX-680. Medium with VX-680 was then removed and fresh medium was added. Cells were stained for SA-b -gal activity 5 days after the start of transfection.* indicates a P value <0.05. ( b) MCF7 cells were treated as above. Five days after transfection, cells were fixed and assessed for the presence of gH2AX foci by immunofluorescence microscopy. (c, d) MCF7 cells were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control or 400 n M VX-680 for the indicated time periods. Total cell lysates were then analyzed by western blotting for levels of p21 and GAPDH (as loading control). A representative blot is shown in panel c. Quantitation of changes in p21 levels (normalized to vehicle-treated controls) is shown in panel d. The data shown are the means ±s.e. of three independent experiments.

Loss of DUSP4 function upregulates IL-6 and IL-8 and enhances mammosphere growth. Immunoblot analysis of MDA-231 cells after treatment of 24 hours with 1 umol/L selumetinib (MEKi) or 10 umol/L SP600125 (JNKi). I, MDA-231 mammosphere formation quantitated by GelCount software 7 days after siRNA transfection. Where indicated, selumetinib (MEKi) or SP600125 (JNK1) or the combination was added to the mammosphere cultures.

c-MET/RON inhibitors restore sensitivity to lapatinib in SK-BR-3-LR cells. Cell growth was determined using the sulforhodamine B assay. The concentration used was 0.1 uM for crizotinib, MGCD-265, XL880, sunitinib, dasatinib, and TAE-684I. The phosphorylation of HER2, AKT and ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting.

Platelets (3 x 10⁸/mL) were preincubated with Y27632 (10 uM), R406 (1 uM), or a combination of Y27632 and R406 for 20 minutes followed by stimulation with oxLDL (50 ug/mL) for 15 seconds and lysis. Samples were then separated by SDS-PAGE and were immunoblotted for phospho-MLCSer19, followed by reprobing for β-tubulin. (Fi) Representative blots. (Fii) Densitometric analysis of 3 independent experiments. *P < .05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Experiments were carried out in the presence of apyrase (2 U/mL), indomethacin (10 uM), and EGTA (1 mM).

Cotreatment with JQ1 and AC220 synergistically induces apoptosis of FLT3-ITD–expressing AML cells. MV4-11 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of AC220 and/or JQ1 for 24 hours. At the end of treatment, immunoblot analyses were conducted as indicated. The numbers beneath the blots represent densitometry analysis conducted on representative blots.

 

Orthotopic xenografts of HNSCC cell lines (A) SCC-1 and (B) OSC-19 were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg/day). In addition, the OSC-19 xenografts were treated with +/ radiation therapy. Marker, mean for triplicate; bars, SE. Statistical significance by unpaired t-test, p < 0.05.

Colony-forming assay results showing that the Jak2 inhibitor TG101348 reduces CFU-GM colonies generated from mutant fetal liver R2 cells. Results from 4 independent control or mutant fetal livers treated with TG101348 or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) are shown (mean ?SD). ***P < .001.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

Western blot analysis using 4G10 and anti-FLT3 antibody after immunoprecipitation with anti-FLT3 antibody and Western blot analysis of phospho-ERK (pERK) and ERK performed on whole cell lysates from HB119 and Molm14 cells. Cells were exposed to 100 nM crenolanib for 60 min.

(C) Z-138 and JEKO-1 cells were simultaneously  exposed  to sorafenib and R406  at  the  indicated doses, and cell viability was determined at 48 hours by annexin  V/PI  staining.  Bars represent the mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments. CI value is indicated for each combination. (D)  Primary MCL cells from 7 patients were simultaneously exposed to sorafenib and R406 at the indicated doses for 48 hours, and cell viability was determined as above. Bars represent the mean ± SEM of all the samples analyzed. CI value is indicated for each combination.

Inactivation of AXL by MP470 reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Immunoblot analyses of lysates from TGFβ/TNFα- treated MCF10A cells treated with varying amounts of MP470 for 72 hours.

EGFR-ERCC1 effect on survival. QGP1 cells were transfected with Scrambled, ERCC1, EGFR, or EGFR-ERCC1 siRNA. Following 48 hours of siRNA transfection, Scrambled siRNA and ERCC1 siRNA-transfected cells were treated with 1 umol/L gefitinib or 125 nmol/L NU7026 (DNAPK inhibitor), or both, while EGFR siRNA and EGFR-ERCC1 siRNA-transfected cells were treated with 125 nmol/L of NU7026 1 hour prior 4 Gy IR treatment. Survival of these cells was then assessed 72 hours following IR treatment via MTT assay. The graphs show percentage of survival from 3 independent experiments as compared with untreated control. Bars show SD. Asterisks show statistical significance (*,P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; NS, nonsignificant).

Western blot analysis of p-histone and histone. 0-10μM KW2449 was added.

 

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

Quantitation of crystal violet uptake by ORF-expressing cells exposed to crizotinib (CRZ) or ceritinib (CER) normalized to Lac Z. Mean and SE are shown for six (CRZ) or four (CER) independent experiments of three replicates each.

Dectin-1 is involved in activation of NLRP3-inflammasome by Malassezia spp. IL-1b secretion from mature human mono-DCs incubated with Syk-inhibitors (piceatannol, R406 or P505), 1 h prior to exposure to medium, MSU, b-glucan, nigericin or live M. furfur (MOI = 10) was determined after 6 h by ELISA.

Involvement of EV linc-VLDLR in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Cells were incubated with sorafenib, camptothecin, or doxorubicin. EVs were obtained after 24 hours, and qRT-PCR was performed for linc-VLDLR. The bars represent the mean ?SEM of the increase in cell viability from 3 independent studies. *, P < 0.05.

Phosphorylation of the CSF-1R targets indicated was examined by immunoblotting

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

(c) Percent survival for the AGS cancer cell line is shown with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. (d) The KatoIII diffuse gastric cancer cell line was treated with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. The Y-axis depicts percent survival versus the X-axis with log concentrations. In all panels, error bars represent standard error of the mean. The difference in percent cell survival between KatoIII and AGS cells was statistically significant (P <0.05) at the three highest concentrations of all drugs, except Brivanib which was only significant at the highest concentration.

Immunoblotting analysis of H3122 and H3122-CER cells showing that brigatinib did not inhibit EGFR phosphorylation (p-EGFR). Total EGFR (t-EGFR) is also shown. Actin was used as a loading control. The cells were treated with brigatinib for 2 hours.

(a) Reduced tumour burden in PLX3397 (PLX) treated mice relative to untreated (NT) (n=6, P=.015; unpaired t-test). Bars represent total tumour volume with number of identified tumours indicated above each bar.

Erk5 activation depends on Mek5, classical PKC and Mek1/2. MOVAS cells were serum-starved overnight and then treated for 1 h if not indicated otherwise with inhibitors targeting Jnk (SP600125, 10 μM), p38 (SB203580, 10 μM), Mek1/2 (CI-1040, 3 μM), Jak2 (AG490, 10 μM), Src (SU6656, 0.5 μM), Go6983 (PKC, 1 μM), Gö6976 (classical PKC, 1 μM), proteasomes (MG132, 25 μM), TPA (100 ng/ml for 15 min to activate PKCs or overnight to inhibit) and Mek5 (BIX02189, 1 μM), as well as Ca2 + chelators (EDTA, 2 mM; BAPTA-AM, 10 μM; both with 30 min preincubation), followed by stimulation with 20 ng/ml PDGF-BB for 10 min. Total cell lysates (TCL) were prepared and subjected to SDS-PAGE. Erk5 and PDGFRβ activities were measured by band shift and Tyr857 phosphorylation, respectively, using immunoblotting. Panel E and G show representative immunoblots.

 

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

Senescence induction upon PKCι depletion combined with aurora kinase inhibition. ( a) MCF7 cells were transfected as above to deplete PKCι . Two days after transfection, cells were treated for the indicated time period with 400 n M VX-680. Medium with VX-680 was then removed and fresh medium was added. Cells were stained for SA-b -gal activity 5 days after the start of transfection.* indicates a P value <0.05. ( b) MCF7 cells were treated as above. Five days after transfection, cells were fixed and assessed for the presence of gH2AX foci by immunofluorescence microscopy. (c, d) MCF7 cells were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control or 400 n M VX-680 for the indicated time periods. Total cell lysates were then analyzed by western blotting for levels of p21 and GAPDH (as loading control). A representative blot is shown in panel c. Quantitation of changes in p21 levels (normalized to vehicle-treated controls) is shown in panel d. The data shown are the means ±s.e. of three independent experiments.

Loss of DUSP4 function upregulates IL-6 and IL-8 and enhances mammosphere growth. Immunoblot analysis of MDA-231 cells after treatment of 24 hours with 1 umol/L selumetinib (MEKi) or 10 umol/L SP600125 (JNKi). I, MDA-231 mammosphere formation quantitated by GelCount software 7 days after siRNA transfection. Where indicated, selumetinib (MEKi) or SP600125 (JNK1) or the combination was added to the mammosphere cultures.

c-MET/RON inhibitors restore sensitivity to lapatinib in SK-BR-3-LR cells. Cell growth was determined using the sulforhodamine B assay. The concentration used was 0.1 uM for crizotinib, MGCD-265, XL880, sunitinib, dasatinib, and TAE-684I. The phosphorylation of HER2, AKT and ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting.

Platelets (3 x 10⁸/mL) were preincubated with Y27632 (10 uM), R406 (1 uM), or a combination of Y27632 and R406 for 20 minutes followed by stimulation with oxLDL (50 ug/mL) for 15 seconds and lysis. Samples were then separated by SDS-PAGE and were immunoblotted for phospho-MLCSer19, followed by reprobing for β-tubulin. (Fi) Representative blots. (Fii) Densitometric analysis of 3 independent experiments. *P < .05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Experiments were carried out in the presence of apyrase (2 U/mL), indomethacin (10 uM), and EGTA (1 mM).

Cotreatment with JQ1 and AC220 synergistically induces apoptosis of FLT3-ITD–expressing AML cells. MV4-11 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of AC220 and/or JQ1 for 24 hours. At the end of treatment, immunoblot analyses were conducted as indicated. The numbers beneath the blots represent densitometry analysis conducted on representative blots.

 

Orthotopic xenografts of HNSCC cell lines (A) SCC-1 and (B) OSC-19 were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg/day). In addition, the OSC-19 xenografts were treated with +/ radiation therapy. Marker, mean for triplicate; bars, SE. Statistical significance by unpaired t-test, p < 0.05.

Colony-forming assay results showing that the Jak2 inhibitor TG101348 reduces CFU-GM colonies generated from mutant fetal liver R2 cells. Results from 4 independent control or mutant fetal livers treated with TG101348 or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) are shown (mean ?SD). ***P < .001.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

Western blot analysis using 4G10 and anti-FLT3 antibody after immunoprecipitation with anti-FLT3 antibody and Western blot analysis of phospho-ERK (pERK) and ERK performed on whole cell lysates from HB119 and Molm14 cells. Cells were exposed to 100 nM crenolanib for 60 min.

(C) Z-138 and JEKO-1 cells were simultaneously  exposed  to sorafenib and R406  at  the  indicated doses, and cell viability was determined at 48 hours by annexin  V/PI  staining.  Bars represent the mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments. CI value is indicated for each combination. (D)  Primary MCL cells from 7 patients were simultaneously exposed to sorafenib and R406 at the indicated doses for 48 hours, and cell viability was determined as above. Bars represent the mean ± SEM of all the samples analyzed. CI value is indicated for each combination.

Inactivation of AXL by MP470 reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Immunoblot analyses of lysates from TGFβ/TNFα- treated MCF10A cells treated with varying amounts of MP470 for 72 hours.

EGFR-ERCC1 effect on survival. QGP1 cells were transfected with Scrambled, ERCC1, EGFR, or EGFR-ERCC1 siRNA. Following 48 hours of siRNA transfection, Scrambled siRNA and ERCC1 siRNA-transfected cells were treated with 1 umol/L gefitinib or 125 nmol/L NU7026 (DNAPK inhibitor), or both, while EGFR siRNA and EGFR-ERCC1 siRNA-transfected cells were treated with 125 nmol/L of NU7026 1 hour prior 4 Gy IR treatment. Survival of these cells was then assessed 72 hours following IR treatment via MTT assay. The graphs show percentage of survival from 3 independent experiments as compared with untreated control. Bars show SD. Asterisks show statistical significance (*,P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; NS, nonsignificant).

Western blot analysis of p-histone and histone. 0-10μM KW2449 was added.

 

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

Quantitation of crystal violet uptake by ORF-expressing cells exposed to crizotinib (CRZ) or ceritinib (CER) normalized to Lac Z. Mean and SE are shown for six (CRZ) or four (CER) independent experiments of three replicates each.

Dectin-1 is involved in activation of NLRP3-inflammasome by Malassezia spp. IL-1b secretion from mature human mono-DCs incubated with Syk-inhibitors (piceatannol, R406 or P505), 1 h prior to exposure to medium, MSU, b-glucan, nigericin or live M. furfur (MOI = 10) was determined after 6 h by ELISA.

Involvement of EV linc-VLDLR in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Cells were incubated with sorafenib, camptothecin, or doxorubicin. EVs were obtained after 24 hours, and qRT-PCR was performed for linc-VLDLR. The bars represent the mean ?SEM of the increase in cell viability from 3 independent studies. *, P < 0.05.

Phosphorylation of the CSF-1R targets indicated was examined by immunoblotting

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

(c) Percent survival for the AGS cancer cell line is shown with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. (d) The KatoIII diffuse gastric cancer cell line was treated with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. The Y-axis depicts percent survival versus the X-axis with log concentrations. In all panels, error bars represent standard error of the mean. The difference in percent cell survival between KatoIII and AGS cells was statistically significant (P <0.05) at the three highest concentrations of all drugs, except Brivanib which was only significant at the highest concentration.

Immunoblotting analysis of H3122 and H3122-CER cells showing that brigatinib did not inhibit EGFR phosphorylation (p-EGFR). Total EGFR (t-EGFR) is also shown. Actin was used as a loading control. The cells were treated with brigatinib for 2 hours.

(a) Reduced tumour burden in PLX3397 (PLX) treated mice relative to untreated (NT) (n=6, P=.015; unpaired t-test). Bars represent total tumour volume with number of identified tumours indicated above each bar.

Erk5 activation depends on Mek5, classical PKC and Mek1/2. MOVAS cells were serum-starved overnight and then treated for 1 h if not indicated otherwise with inhibitors targeting Jnk (SP600125, 10 μM), p38 (SB203580, 10 μM), Mek1/2 (CI-1040, 3 μM), Jak2 (AG490, 10 μM), Src (SU6656, 0.5 μM), Go6983 (PKC, 1 μM), Gö6976 (classical PKC, 1 μM), proteasomes (MG132, 25 μM), TPA (100 ng/ml for 15 min to activate PKCs or overnight to inhibit) and Mek5 (BIX02189, 1 μM), as well as Ca2 + chelators (EDTA, 2 mM; BAPTA-AM, 10 μM; both with 30 min preincubation), followed by stimulation with 20 ng/ml PDGF-BB for 10 min. Total cell lysates (TCL) were prepared and subjected to SDS-PAGE. Erk5 and PDGFRβ activities were measured by band shift and Tyr857 phosphorylation, respectively, using immunoblotting. Panel E and G show representative immunoblots.