VEGFR

 

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

 

Effect of lenalidomide treatment (50 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 3 days) on expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), and cleaved caspase-3 in myocardium from lean and ob/ob mice. (a) Representative gel blots of TNF-α, IL-6, Fas, FasL, cleaved caspase-3 and α-Tubulin (as loading control) using specific antibodies. (b) TNF-α.

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

 

Secondary assay development. The invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids was measured using modified Boyden chambers coated with Matrigel™. Invading cells were fixed, stained with DAPI, and quantified by fluorescence microscopy using 5 random fields per filter insert in triplicate. U0126, PF2341066, axitinib, and PKC412 inhibited the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids by ~90% as compared to untreated spheroids (UT). ***p ≤ 0.001. IGF1R and dasatinib displayed no statistical difference as compared to UT MDA-MB-231 spheroids.

c-MET/RON inhibitors restore sensitivity to lapatinib in SK-BR-3-LR cells. Cell growth was determined using the sulforhodamine B assay. The concentration used was 0.1 uM for crizotinib, MGCD-265, XL880, sunitinib, dasatinib, and TAE-684I. The phosphorylation of HER2, AKT and ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting.

Vandetanib reduced extracellular nitrite levels in endothelial cells. MS1 endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with 1 mol/L of vandetanib or matched vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), 50 ng/mL of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or matched vehicle (PBS; 0.5 hours), and L-arginine and soluble N-ethylmaleamide sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) added (1.5 hours). Vandetanib lowered nitrite levels in MS1 Ecs (*P0.0003). VEGF was used a positive control and increased nitrite levels (**P0.02). These findings indicate that vandetanib lowered endothelial cell NO levels.

Effect of BIBF 1120 on the accumulation of doxorubicin (Dox) and rhodamine 123. The accumulations of doxorubicin a, b and rhodamine 123 c, d were measured by flow cytometric analysis as described in "Materials and Methods". The results are presented as fold change in fluorescence intensity relative to control MDR cells. Columns, means of triplicate determinations; bars, SDs. **P<0.01 versus control group

Hepatoma cells 24 h after plating were treated with vehicle (DMSO), regorafenib (REGO, 0.5 µM), PDE5 inhibitor (sildenafil, 2 µM); or the drugs in combination. 24 hours after treatment cells were isolated and viability determined by trypan blue (n=3, SEM). *P 0.05

Effect of HDIL-2/TKI on apoptosis of RCC cells. Three RCC cell lines treated with different concentrations of Pazopanib and HDIL-2 and incubated for 48 h. Microscopic images show apoptotic materials 48 h following treatment (arrows show the apoptotic materials in the pazopanib-treated cells).

Western blots of EZH2 expression in A549, HCC461, and HCC4006 cells upon treatment with different doses of VEGFR-2-inhibitor AZD2171 (0, 5 and 10 nM). AZD2171 decreased the expression of EZH2 in HCC4006 and HCC461 cells expressing VEGFR-2 in a dose-dependent manner but did not do so in A549 cells lacking expression of VEGFR-2.

FGFR inhibitors block signaling in FGFR2-fusion-expressing cells. Activation of FGFR2 and MAPK by FGFR2-AHCYL1 and its suppression by FGFR inhibitors. Lysates from NIH3T3 cells expressing FGFR2-AHCYL1 or EZR-ROS1 (control) treated with vehicle (DMSO), 0.2 and 1 uM BGJ398, and 0.2 and 1 uM PD173074 were immunoblotted with the relevant antibodies. β-Actin was used as a loading control.

 

Orthotopic xenografts of HNSCC cell lines (A) SCC-1 and (B) OSC-19 were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg/day). In addition, the OSC-19 xenografts were treated with +/ radiation therapy. Marker, mean for triplicate; bars, SE. Statistical significance by unpaired t-test, p < 0.05.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

(Aa-Ja) A single row of BTs on the intact fin and stump after 6-14 dot with PTK787 and 4-12 dot with T. Small BTs appear in the fin regenerate after 8 dot with PTK787 and 6 dot with T (Da,Ea). A small BT cluster appears on the regenerate after 14 dot with PTK787 and 12 dot with T (Ga,Ha). (Ab-Jb) After 4 dot with T, BTs develop on the regenerate, stump and intact fin and continue to grow from 6-12 dot. (Jb) After 12 dot, the blood vessel network of T-treated females is similar to that of males. (Ac-Jc) PTK787-treated females do not possess BTs. (Aa-Ja,Ac-Jc) Neo-angiogenesis and regenerative outgrowth are inhibited in all PTK787-treated females. (Ad-Jd) System water controls regenerate normally and do not grow BTs. B.F., brightfield. Fli, fli1a:EGFP (green). KR21 (red) outlines the BTs. White vertical lines indicate the amputation plane. Scale bar: 100 um.

Immunoblots showing levels of phospho-MEK (p-MEK), total MEK (t-MEK), phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) in A375 cells transduced with a retrovirus expressing BRAFV600E, BRAFV600E/L505H, BRAFV600E/F516G or BRAFV600E/T529N and treated with increasing doses of RAF265. α-tubulin (TUBA) was monitored as a loading control.

On-chip angiogenesis assay. Fluorescence imaging of Tg(fli1a:EGFP) embryos at 64 hpf. Transgenic embryos were arrayed and immobilized at 16 hpf and continuously perfused with E3 media containing vehicle control (dimethyl sulfoxide) or selected small-molecule antiangiogenic drugs (Sunitinib and Tivozanib). Right panel: microscopic visualization of patterns of ISV. White arrows: normal ISV growth; blue arrows: partial ISV growth inhibition; and red arrows; complete ISV growth inhibition.

Immunofluorescence staining of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions 14 days after laser photocoagulation. Choroidal flat mounts were fluorescently labeled with F-actin-specific marker phalloidin (green channel), endothelial cell marker CD34 (red channel), and nuclear marker DAPI (blue channel). CNV lesions in topical vehicle-treated eye (A, C, E and G) and topical motesanib-treated eye (B, D, F and H). The scale bar represents 100 um.

Dot Plot Distribution of Live, Preapoptotic and Apoptotic Cells after Administration of DuP-697 and E7080 Combination.

For MTT assays, cells (2,000 ~ 5,000 cells/well) were subcultured into 96-well plates according to their growth properties. Cell proliferation was assayed at 72 hr after treatment of Brivanib by adding 20 μl of 5 mg/ml 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution per 100 μl of growth medium. After incubating for 3-4 h at 37°C, the media were removed and 150 µl/well of MTT solvent (either absolute DMSO or isopropanol containing 4 μM HCl and 0.1% Nonidet-40) was added to dissolve the formazan. The absorbance of each well was measured by ELx808 (BioTek, Winooski, VT) or Wallac Victor2 (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA) Microplate Reader. Viable cells are presented as percent of control, vehicle-treated cells.

 

c-MET/RON inhibitors restore sensitivity to lapatinib in SK-BR-3-LR cells. The concentration used was 0.1 uM for crizotinib, MGCD-265, XL880, sunitinib, dasatinib, TAE-684, and RON inhibitor I. Columns, means; bars, SEMs (n = 3). The phosphorylation of HER2, AKT and ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting.

EGFR-SGLT1 interaction is irresponsive to modulators of EGFR’s tyrosine kinase. A: Immunoprecipitation coupled Western blot analysis ofinteractionsbetween EGFR-HA and SGLT1-FlaginHEK293 cells treatedwith EGF or AEE788. EGFR, total EGFR; pEGFR, phosphorylated EGFR; IP, immunoprecipitation; IB, immunoblot. Input, expression levels of indicated exogenous proteinsin HEK293 whole celllysates used for the IP.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

RE-luc2P-HEK293 cells were pretreated with 1uM OSI-930 (green), 20uM TBB (blue), 10uM CKI-7 (purple), or 10uM H-89 (orange) for 16 h and infected with Y. enterocolitica WA or Y. pestis Ind195 at MOI 1 and 20, respectively, for 1 h. Following stimulation with 10 ng/ml TNF-α at 5 h post-infection, luciferase activity was measured 24 h post-infection. Results were determined from two independent experiments performed in triplicate. A"*" denotes that the % NF-κβ inhibition using the inhibitors was significantly different (p<0.05) compared to the no drug control (black). The relative NF-κB inhibition by Yersinia infection was determined as a percentage of luciferase activity in bacteria-infected cells relative to luciferase activity in bacteria-free control cells.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of CYC116.

 

 

PP121 induces apoptosis in ATC cells. CAL62 cells were treated with PP121 at the indicated concentrations for 48 h, followed by PI staining. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst and analyzed using a fluorescent microscope. The representative images are shown.

Three RCC cell lines treated with different concentrations of TKI and HDIL-2 and incubated for 48 h. Microscopic images show apoptotic materials 48 h following treatment (arrows show the apoptotic materials in the pazopanib-treated cells).

Inhibited migration of hNSCs toward HeLa cells with the treatment of KRN633, a VEGFR2 inhibitor. The cultured hNSCs were treated with KRN633 for 6 h. After that, the transwell migration assay was performed as described above. The number of migrated cells was counted and the results were presented as means ± SD. Magnification,× 200. *P < 0.05 vs. KRN633 non-treated GESTECs. (A) Migrated HB1.F3.CD cells. (B) Migrated HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β cells.

Blockade of IPC-induced ischemic tolerance by the VEGFR-3 inhibitor SAR131675. (A) Representative images of FJ-stained brain sections from sham + SARH (i), sham-IPC + SI + Veh (ii), IPC + SI + Veh (iii) and IPC + SI + SARH (iv) groups. Note that there were more degenerated neurons in the IPC + SI + SARH group receiving SAR131675 of 50 mg/kg as an initial dose than in the IPC + SI + Veh group. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) The quantitative analysis shows the number of FJ-positive degenerated neurons in the CA1 subregion of the different treatment groups including the IPC + SI + SARL group receiving SAR131675 of 25 mg/kg as an initial dose. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; # p < 0.05 compared with the sham-IPC + SI + Veh group; *p < 0.05 compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group. (C) Representative images of NeuN immunofluorescence in the sham + SARH (i), sham-IPC + SI + Veh (ii), IPC + SI + Veh (iii) and IPC + SI + SARH (iv) groups. Note that NeuN-immunofluorescence in the IPC + SI + SARH group was reduced compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group. Scale bar = 50 μm. (D) The quantitative analysis shows the number of NeuN-positive intact pyramidal neurons in the CA1 subregion for the different treatment groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; #p < 0.05 compared with the sham-IPC + SI + Veh group; *p < 0.05 compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group.

Involvement of EV linc-VLDLR in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Cells were incubated with sorafenib, camptothecin, or doxorubicin. EVs were obtained after 24 hours, and qRT-PCR was performed for linc-VLDLR. The bars represent the mean ?SEM of the increase in cell viability from 3 independent studies. *, P < 0.05.

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

PC-9/LMC-GR cells (2 × 105 cells/well) were incubated in 6-well plates with various concentrations of gefitinib with or without crizotinib (1 μmol/L) or golvatinib (1 μmol/L) for 1 hour. Cell lysate were obtained and subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies toward the indicated molecules.

Injected tumor cells move to the tail via blood vessels. Tg (flil1:egfp) embryos at 20 hpf were treated with 2 μM SU5416 for 1 hr (+SU5416) to inhibit vasculogenesis24; the control fish were treated with 0.02% DMSO for 1 hr (-SU5416). After 1 hr, SU5416 or DMSO was washed out by changing fish media. At 48 hpf, tfRFP-B16 cells were injected into the pericardium cavity of fish. Representative images show that tumor cells moved to the tail in a drug-free larva, while no tumor cells moved to the tail in a drug-treated larva after new vessels were inhibited by SU5416. Insets are enlarged images from each corresponding tip of the tail indicated by white arrows. Dashed white lines mark extravasated tumor cells at 12 hpi. Vessels are green and tumor cells are red. –SU5416, 6 other larvae exhibit similar behaviors; +SU5416, 3 other larvae exhibit similar behaviors. Scale bars, 500 μm. Insets, 100 μm.

Panels D-F show morphological changes of RBEC cells due to Sema3A treatment. RBECs were fixed after the indicated treatment and stained with phalloidin conjugated with rhodamine (red color) and counter stained with DAPI (blue color). F-actin stress fibres are very clear in untreated cells (D). Sema3A treatment caused disruption of F-actin inside the cells. Densely packed bundles of cortical actin filaments started to appear along cell membranes (arrows) over the course of treatment with Sema3A. Antibodies and inhibitors against receptors of Sema3A were pre-incubated with the cells for 15 min before the addition of Sema3A. Antibodies to VEGFR1 and NRP2 (panel E) and the inhibitor Zm 306416 (selective to VEGFR1, panel F) were effective in ameliorating the effect of Sema3A. Scale bar=20 μm.

(A) Fluorescence microscopic analysis of Hoechst 33342 staining of NCIH460 and NCI-H460/MX20 cells. Cells were treated as described in ‘2. Materials and Methods’. Scale bar, 10 μm. (B) Effects of ZM323881 on intracellular accumulation of [3H]-mitoxantrone in NCI-H460 and NCI-H460/MX20 cells. (C) Efflux of [3H]-mitoxantrone in the absence and presence of inhibitors in NCI-H460 cells. (D) Efflux of [3H]-mitoxantrone in the absence and presence of inhibitors in NCI-H460/MX20 cells.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

A: Overall structure of LY2874455/FGFR4 complex. B: The diagram of LY2874455. C: Fo-Fc omit map of LY2874455 in the FGFR4/LY2874455 complex. The electron density is superimposed with the final model. D: The DFG motif conformation of FGFR4. Active ApoFGFR4 DFG-in conformation is shown in blue (PDB: 4QQT); FGFR4/Ponatinib DFG-out conformation is shown in yellow (PDB: 4UXQ); FGFR4/BLU9931 DFG-in conformation is shown in pink (PDB: 4XCU); FGFR4/LY2874455 DFG-in conformation is shown in grey (this work). LY2874455 is highlighted in brown.

Four FGFR inhibitors, namely PD-173074 (PD-74), PD-166866 (PD-66), SU5402 (SU54) and NVP-BGJ398 (BG-98), inhibit A673, SKNMC, POE, RDES and SKES Ewing cell growth in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, whereas normal cells (IMR90 fibroblasts) remained unaffected. PD-74 proved to be most effective in four out of five Ewing sarcoma cell lines tested. Cells were grown in 10% FBS conditions and cell proliferation was measured after 72 h using a Resazurin assay.

(c) Percent survival for the AGS cancer cell line is shown with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. (d) The KatoIII diffuse gastric cancer cell line was treated with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. The Y-axis depicts percent survival versus the X-axis with log concentrations. In all panels, error bars represent standard error of the mean. The difference in percent cell survival between KatoIII and AGS cells was statistically significant (P <0.05) at the three highest concentrations of all drugs, except Brivanib which was only significant at the highest concentration.

E, Continuous ERK phosphorylation in FGFR inhibitor resistant cells under 24-hour treatment with 1 μmol/L BGJ398 assessed by immunoblotting. FGFR inhibitors: AZD4547, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

Protein expressions of VEGFR2, p-VEGFR2, FAK, p-FAK, ERK, p-ERK and VE-cadherin in HCT116 cells with or without SKLB1002 treatment were determined by western blotting analysis. Representative data of three experiments are shown

VEGFA expression in the indicated cells treated with or without bevacizumab or transfected with VEGFA or shVEGFA.

 

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

 

Effect of lenalidomide treatment (50 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 3 days) on expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), and cleaved caspase-3 in myocardium from lean and ob/ob mice. (a) Representative gel blots of TNF-α, IL-6, Fas, FasL, cleaved caspase-3 and α-Tubulin (as loading control) using specific antibodies. (b) TNF-α.

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

 

Secondary assay development. The invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids was measured using modified Boyden chambers coated with Matrigel™. Invading cells were fixed, stained with DAPI, and quantified by fluorescence microscopy using 5 random fields per filter insert in triplicate. U0126, PF2341066, axitinib, and PKC412 inhibited the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids by ~90% as compared to untreated spheroids (UT). ***p ≤ 0.001. IGF1R and dasatinib displayed no statistical difference as compared to UT MDA-MB-231 spheroids.

c-MET/RON inhibitors restore sensitivity to lapatinib in SK-BR-3-LR cells. Cell growth was determined using the sulforhodamine B assay. The concentration used was 0.1 uM for crizotinib, MGCD-265, XL880, sunitinib, dasatinib, and TAE-684I. The phosphorylation of HER2, AKT and ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting.

Vandetanib reduced extracellular nitrite levels in endothelial cells. MS1 endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with 1 mol/L of vandetanib or matched vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), 50 ng/mL of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or matched vehicle (PBS; 0.5 hours), and L-arginine and soluble N-ethylmaleamide sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) added (1.5 hours). Vandetanib lowered nitrite levels in MS1 Ecs (*P0.0003). VEGF was used a positive control and increased nitrite levels (**P0.02). These findings indicate that vandetanib lowered endothelial cell NO levels.

Effect of BIBF 1120 on the accumulation of doxorubicin (Dox) and rhodamine 123. The accumulations of doxorubicin a, b and rhodamine 123 c, d were measured by flow cytometric analysis as described in "Materials and Methods". The results are presented as fold change in fluorescence intensity relative to control MDR cells. Columns, means of triplicate determinations; bars, SDs. **P<0.01 versus control group

Hepatoma cells 24 h after plating were treated with vehicle (DMSO), regorafenib (REGO, 0.5 µM), PDE5 inhibitor (sildenafil, 2 µM); or the drugs in combination. 24 hours after treatment cells were isolated and viability determined by trypan blue (n=3, SEM). *P 0.05

Effect of HDIL-2/TKI on apoptosis of RCC cells. Three RCC cell lines treated with different concentrations of Pazopanib and HDIL-2 and incubated for 48 h. Microscopic images show apoptotic materials 48 h following treatment (arrows show the apoptotic materials in the pazopanib-treated cells).

Western blots of EZH2 expression in A549, HCC461, and HCC4006 cells upon treatment with different doses of VEGFR-2-inhibitor AZD2171 (0, 5 and 10 nM). AZD2171 decreased the expression of EZH2 in HCC4006 and HCC461 cells expressing VEGFR-2 in a dose-dependent manner but did not do so in A549 cells lacking expression of VEGFR-2.

FGFR inhibitors block signaling in FGFR2-fusion-expressing cells. Activation of FGFR2 and MAPK by FGFR2-AHCYL1 and its suppression by FGFR inhibitors. Lysates from NIH3T3 cells expressing FGFR2-AHCYL1 or EZR-ROS1 (control) treated with vehicle (DMSO), 0.2 and 1 uM BGJ398, and 0.2 and 1 uM PD173074 were immunoblotted with the relevant antibodies. β-Actin was used as a loading control.

 

Orthotopic xenografts of HNSCC cell lines (A) SCC-1 and (B) OSC-19 were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg/day). In addition, the OSC-19 xenografts were treated with +/ radiation therapy. Marker, mean for triplicate; bars, SE. Statistical significance by unpaired t-test, p < 0.05.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

(Aa-Ja) A single row of BTs on the intact fin and stump after 6-14 dot with PTK787 and 4-12 dot with T. Small BTs appear in the fin regenerate after 8 dot with PTK787 and 6 dot with T (Da,Ea). A small BT cluster appears on the regenerate after 14 dot with PTK787 and 12 dot with T (Ga,Ha). (Ab-Jb) After 4 dot with T, BTs develop on the regenerate, stump and intact fin and continue to grow from 6-12 dot. (Jb) After 12 dot, the blood vessel network of T-treated females is similar to that of males. (Ac-Jc) PTK787-treated females do not possess BTs. (Aa-Ja,Ac-Jc) Neo-angiogenesis and regenerative outgrowth are inhibited in all PTK787-treated females. (Ad-Jd) System water controls regenerate normally and do not grow BTs. B.F., brightfield. Fli, fli1a:EGFP (green). KR21 (red) outlines the BTs. White vertical lines indicate the amputation plane. Scale bar: 100 um.

Immunoblots showing levels of phospho-MEK (p-MEK), total MEK (t-MEK), phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) in A375 cells transduced with a retrovirus expressing BRAFV600E, BRAFV600E/L505H, BRAFV600E/F516G or BRAFV600E/T529N and treated with increasing doses of RAF265. α-tubulin (TUBA) was monitored as a loading control.

On-chip angiogenesis assay. Fluorescence imaging of Tg(fli1a:EGFP) embryos at 64 hpf. Transgenic embryos were arrayed and immobilized at 16 hpf and continuously perfused with E3 media containing vehicle control (dimethyl sulfoxide) or selected small-molecule antiangiogenic drugs (Sunitinib and Tivozanib). Right panel: microscopic visualization of patterns of ISV. White arrows: normal ISV growth; blue arrows: partial ISV growth inhibition; and red arrows; complete ISV growth inhibition.

Immunofluorescence staining of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions 14 days after laser photocoagulation. Choroidal flat mounts were fluorescently labeled with F-actin-specific marker phalloidin (green channel), endothelial cell marker CD34 (red channel), and nuclear marker DAPI (blue channel). CNV lesions in topical vehicle-treated eye (A, C, E and G) and topical motesanib-treated eye (B, D, F and H). The scale bar represents 100 um.

Dot Plot Distribution of Live, Preapoptotic and Apoptotic Cells after Administration of DuP-697 and E7080 Combination.

For MTT assays, cells (2,000 ~ 5,000 cells/well) were subcultured into 96-well plates according to their growth properties. Cell proliferation was assayed at 72 hr after treatment of Brivanib by adding 20 μl of 5 mg/ml 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution per 100 μl of growth medium. After incubating for 3-4 h at 37°C, the media were removed and 150 µl/well of MTT solvent (either absolute DMSO or isopropanol containing 4 μM HCl and 0.1% Nonidet-40) was added to dissolve the formazan. The absorbance of each well was measured by ELx808 (BioTek, Winooski, VT) or Wallac Victor2 (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA) Microplate Reader. Viable cells are presented as percent of control, vehicle-treated cells.

 

c-MET/RON inhibitors restore sensitivity to lapatinib in SK-BR-3-LR cells. The concentration used was 0.1 uM for crizotinib, MGCD-265, XL880, sunitinib, dasatinib, TAE-684, and RON inhibitor I. Columns, means; bars, SEMs (n = 3). The phosphorylation of HER2, AKT and ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting.

EGFR-SGLT1 interaction is irresponsive to modulators of EGFR’s tyrosine kinase. A: Immunoprecipitation coupled Western blot analysis ofinteractionsbetween EGFR-HA and SGLT1-FlaginHEK293 cells treatedwith EGF or AEE788. EGFR, total EGFR; pEGFR, phosphorylated EGFR; IP, immunoprecipitation; IB, immunoblot. Input, expression levels of indicated exogenous proteinsin HEK293 whole celllysates used for the IP.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

RE-luc2P-HEK293 cells were pretreated with 1uM OSI-930 (green), 20uM TBB (blue), 10uM CKI-7 (purple), or 10uM H-89 (orange) for 16 h and infected with Y. enterocolitica WA or Y. pestis Ind195 at MOI 1 and 20, respectively, for 1 h. Following stimulation with 10 ng/ml TNF-α at 5 h post-infection, luciferase activity was measured 24 h post-infection. Results were determined from two independent experiments performed in triplicate. A"*" denotes that the % NF-κβ inhibition using the inhibitors was significantly different (p<0.05) compared to the no drug control (black). The relative NF-κB inhibition by Yersinia infection was determined as a percentage of luciferase activity in bacteria-infected cells relative to luciferase activity in bacteria-free control cells.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of CYC116.

 

 

PP121 induces apoptosis in ATC cells. CAL62 cells were treated with PP121 at the indicated concentrations for 48 h, followed by PI staining. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst and analyzed using a fluorescent microscope. The representative images are shown.

Three RCC cell lines treated with different concentrations of TKI and HDIL-2 and incubated for 48 h. Microscopic images show apoptotic materials 48 h following treatment (arrows show the apoptotic materials in the pazopanib-treated cells).

Inhibited migration of hNSCs toward HeLa cells with the treatment of KRN633, a VEGFR2 inhibitor. The cultured hNSCs were treated with KRN633 for 6 h. After that, the transwell migration assay was performed as described above. The number of migrated cells was counted and the results were presented as means ± SD. Magnification,× 200. *P < 0.05 vs. KRN633 non-treated GESTECs. (A) Migrated HB1.F3.CD cells. (B) Migrated HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β cells.

Blockade of IPC-induced ischemic tolerance by the VEGFR-3 inhibitor SAR131675. (A) Representative images of FJ-stained brain sections from sham + SARH (i), sham-IPC + SI + Veh (ii), IPC + SI + Veh (iii) and IPC + SI + SARH (iv) groups. Note that there were more degenerated neurons in the IPC + SI + SARH group receiving SAR131675 of 50 mg/kg as an initial dose than in the IPC + SI + Veh group. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) The quantitative analysis shows the number of FJ-positive degenerated neurons in the CA1 subregion of the different treatment groups including the IPC + SI + SARL group receiving SAR131675 of 25 mg/kg as an initial dose. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; # p < 0.05 compared with the sham-IPC + SI + Veh group; *p < 0.05 compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group. (C) Representative images of NeuN immunofluorescence in the sham + SARH (i), sham-IPC + SI + Veh (ii), IPC + SI + Veh (iii) and IPC + SI + SARH (iv) groups. Note that NeuN-immunofluorescence in the IPC + SI + SARH group was reduced compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group. Scale bar = 50 μm. (D) The quantitative analysis shows the number of NeuN-positive intact pyramidal neurons in the CA1 subregion for the different treatment groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; #p < 0.05 compared with the sham-IPC + SI + Veh group; *p < 0.05 compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group.

Involvement of EV linc-VLDLR in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Cells were incubated with sorafenib, camptothecin, or doxorubicin. EVs were obtained after 24 hours, and qRT-PCR was performed for linc-VLDLR. The bars represent the mean ?SEM of the increase in cell viability from 3 independent studies. *, P < 0.05.

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

PC-9/LMC-GR cells (2 × 105 cells/well) were incubated in 6-well plates with various concentrations of gefitinib with or without crizotinib (1 μmol/L) or golvatinib (1 μmol/L) for 1 hour. Cell lysate were obtained and subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies toward the indicated molecules.

Injected tumor cells move to the tail via blood vessels. Tg (flil1:egfp) embryos at 20 hpf were treated with 2 μM SU5416 for 1 hr (+SU5416) to inhibit vasculogenesis24; the control fish were treated with 0.02% DMSO for 1 hr (-SU5416). After 1 hr, SU5416 or DMSO was washed out by changing fish media. At 48 hpf, tfRFP-B16 cells were injected into the pericardium cavity of fish. Representative images show that tumor cells moved to the tail in a drug-free larva, while no tumor cells moved to the tail in a drug-treated larva after new vessels were inhibited by SU5416. Insets are enlarged images from each corresponding tip of the tail indicated by white arrows. Dashed white lines mark extravasated tumor cells at 12 hpi. Vessels are green and tumor cells are red. –SU5416, 6 other larvae exhibit similar behaviors; +SU5416, 3 other larvae exhibit similar behaviors. Scale bars, 500 μm. Insets, 100 μm.

Panels D-F show morphological changes of RBEC cells due to Sema3A treatment. RBECs were fixed after the indicated treatment and stained with phalloidin conjugated with rhodamine (red color) and counter stained with DAPI (blue color). F-actin stress fibres are very clear in untreated cells (D). Sema3A treatment caused disruption of F-actin inside the cells. Densely packed bundles of cortical actin filaments started to appear along cell membranes (arrows) over the course of treatment with Sema3A. Antibodies and inhibitors against receptors of Sema3A were pre-incubated with the cells for 15 min before the addition of Sema3A. Antibodies to VEGFR1 and NRP2 (panel E) and the inhibitor Zm 306416 (selective to VEGFR1, panel F) were effective in ameliorating the effect of Sema3A. Scale bar=20 μm.

(A) Fluorescence microscopic analysis of Hoechst 33342 staining of NCIH460 and NCI-H460/MX20 cells. Cells were treated as described in ‘2. Materials and Methods’. Scale bar, 10 μm. (B) Effects of ZM323881 on intracellular accumulation of [3H]-mitoxantrone in NCI-H460 and NCI-H460/MX20 cells. (C) Efflux of [3H]-mitoxantrone in the absence and presence of inhibitors in NCI-H460 cells. (D) Efflux of [3H]-mitoxantrone in the absence and presence of inhibitors in NCI-H460/MX20 cells.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

A: Overall structure of LY2874455/FGFR4 complex. B: The diagram of LY2874455. C: Fo-Fc omit map of LY2874455 in the FGFR4/LY2874455 complex. The electron density is superimposed with the final model. D: The DFG motif conformation of FGFR4. Active ApoFGFR4 DFG-in conformation is shown in blue (PDB: 4QQT); FGFR4/Ponatinib DFG-out conformation is shown in yellow (PDB: 4UXQ); FGFR4/BLU9931 DFG-in conformation is shown in pink (PDB: 4XCU); FGFR4/LY2874455 DFG-in conformation is shown in grey (this work). LY2874455 is highlighted in brown.

Four FGFR inhibitors, namely PD-173074 (PD-74), PD-166866 (PD-66), SU5402 (SU54) and NVP-BGJ398 (BG-98), inhibit A673, SKNMC, POE, RDES and SKES Ewing cell growth in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, whereas normal cells (IMR90 fibroblasts) remained unaffected. PD-74 proved to be most effective in four out of five Ewing sarcoma cell lines tested. Cells were grown in 10% FBS conditions and cell proliferation was measured after 72 h using a Resazurin assay.

(c) Percent survival for the AGS cancer cell line is shown with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. (d) The KatoIII diffuse gastric cancer cell line was treated with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. The Y-axis depicts percent survival versus the X-axis with log concentrations. In all panels, error bars represent standard error of the mean. The difference in percent cell survival between KatoIII and AGS cells was statistically significant (P <0.05) at the three highest concentrations of all drugs, except Brivanib which was only significant at the highest concentration.

E, Continuous ERK phosphorylation in FGFR inhibitor resistant cells under 24-hour treatment with 1 μmol/L BGJ398 assessed by immunoblotting. FGFR inhibitors: AZD4547, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

Protein expressions of VEGFR2, p-VEGFR2, FAK, p-FAK, ERK, p-ERK and VE-cadherin in HCT116 cells with or without SKLB1002 treatment were determined by western blotting analysis. Representative data of three experiments are shown

VEGFA expression in the indicated cells treated with or without bevacizumab or transfected with VEGFA or shVEGFA.