VEGFR

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.

Effect of lenalidomide treatment (50 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 3 days) on expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), and cleaved caspase-3 in myocardium from lean and ob/ob mice. (a) Representative gel blots of TNF-α, IL-6, Fas, FasL, cleaved caspase-3 and α-Tubulin (as loading control) using specific antibodies. (b) TNF-α.

Secondary assay development. The invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids was measured using modified Boyden chambers coated with Matrigel™. Invading cells were fixed, stained with DAPI, and quantified by fluorescence microscopy using 5 random fields per filter insert in triplicate. U0126, PF2341066, axitinib, and PKC412 inhibited the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids by ~90% as compared to untreated spheroids (UT). ***p ≤ 0.001. IGF1R and dasatinib displayed no statistical difference as compared to UT MDA-MB-231 spheroids.

Vandetanib increases membrane localization of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). MS1 endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with 1 μmol/L of vandetanib or matched vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]). Western blotting analysis showed that vandetanib increases membrane localization of eNOS compared with control (*P<0.04; n=4 per group, studies done in triplicate). These findings show that vandetanib increased the membrane localization of eNOS compared with control.

Effect of BIBF 1120 on the accumulation of doxorubicin (Dox) and rhodamine 123. The accumulations of doxorubicin a, b and rhodamine 123 c, d were measured by flow cytometric analysis as described in "Materials and Methods". The results are presented as fold change in fluorescence intensity relative to control MDR cells. Columns, means of triplicate determinations; bars, SDs. **P<0.01 versus control group

Orthotopic xenografts of HNSCC cell lines (A) SCC-1 and (B) OSC-19 were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg/day). In addition, the OSC-19 xenografts were treated with +/ radiation therapy. Marker, mean for triplicate; bars, SE. Statistical significance by unpaired t-test, p < 0.05.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

Immunoblots showing levels of phospho-MEK (p-MEK), total MEK (t-MEK), phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) in A375 cells transduced with a retrovirus expressing BRAFV600E, BRAFV600E/L505H, BRAFV600E/F516G or BRAFV600E/T529N and treated with increasing doses of RAF265. α-tubulin (TUBA) was monitored as a loading control.

For MTT assays, cells (2,000 ~ 5,000 cells/well) were subcultured into 96-well plates according to their growth properties. Cell proliferation was assayed at 72 hr after treatment of Brivanib by adding 20 μl of 5 mg/ml 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution per 100 μl of growth medium. After incubating for 3-4 h at 37°C, the media were removed and 150 µl/well of MTT solvent (either absolute DMSO or isopropanol containing 4 μM HCl and 0.1% Nonidet-40) was added to dissolve the formazan. The absorbance of each well was measured by ELx808 (BioTek, Winooski, VT) or Wallac Victor2 (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA) Microplate Reader. Viable cells are presented as percent of control, vehicle-treated cells.

EGFR-SGLT1 interaction is irresponsive to modulators of EGFR’s tyrosine kinase. A: Immunoprecipitation coupled Western blot analysis ofinteractionsbetween EGFR-HA and SGLT1-FlaginHEK293 cells treatedwith EGF or AEE788. EGFR, total EGFR; pEGFR, phosphorylated EGFR; IP, immunoprecipitation; IB, immunoblot. Input, expression levels of indicated exogenous proteinsin HEK293 whole celllysates used for the IP.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of CYC116.

Blockade of IPC-induced ischemic tolerance by the VEGFR-3 inhibitor SAR131675. (A) Representative images of FJ-stained brain sections from sham + SARH (i), sham-IPC + SI + Veh (ii), IPC + SI + Veh (iii) and IPC + SI + SARH (iv) groups. Note that there were more degenerated neurons in the IPC + SI + SARH group receiving SAR131675 of 50 mg/kg as an initial dose than in the IPC + SI + Veh group. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) The quantitative analysis shows the number of FJ-positive degenerated neurons in the CA1 subregion of the different treatment groups including the IPC + SI + SARL group receiving SAR131675 of 25 mg/kg as an initial dose. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; # p < 0.05 compared with the sham-IPC + SI + Veh group; *p < 0.05 compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group. (C) Representative images of NeuN immunofluorescence in the sham + SARH (i), sham-IPC + SI + Veh (ii), IPC + SI + Veh (iii) and IPC + SI + SARH (iv) groups. Note that NeuN-immunofluorescence in the IPC + SI + SARH group was reduced compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group. Scale bar = 50 μm. (D) The quantitative analysis shows the number of NeuN-positive intact pyramidal neurons in the CA1 subregion for the different treatment groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; #p < 0.05 compared with the sham-IPC + SI + Veh group; *p < 0.05 compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group.

Panels D-F show morphological changes of RBEC cells due to Sema3A treatment. RBECs were fixed after the indicated treatment and stained with phalloidin conjugated with rhodamine (red color) and counter stained with DAPI (blue color). F-actin stress fibres are very clear in untreated cells (D). Sema3A treatment caused disruption of F-actin inside the cells. Densely packed bundles of cortical actin filaments started to appear along cell membranes (arrows) over the course of treatment with Sema3A. Antibodies and inhibitors against receptors of Sema3A were pre-incubated with the cells for 15 min before the addition of Sema3A. Antibodies to VEGFR1 and NRP2 (panel E) and the inhibitor Zm 306416 (selective to VEGFR1, panel F) were effective in ameliorating the effect of Sema3A. Scale bar=20 μm.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

(c) Percent survival for the AGS cancer cell line is shown with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. (d) The KatoIII diffuse gastric cancer cell line was treated with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. The Y-axis depicts percent survival versus the X-axis with log concentrations. In all panels, error bars represent standard error of the mean. The difference in percent cell survival between KatoIII and AGS cells was statistically significant (P <0.05) at the three highest concentrations of all drugs, except Brivanib which was only significant at the highest concentration.

E, Continuous ERK phosphorylation in FGFR inhibitor resistant cells under 24-hour treatment with 1 μmol/L BGJ398 assessed by immunoblotting. FGFR inhibitors: AZD4547, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.

Effect of lenalidomide treatment (50 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 3 days) on expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), and cleaved caspase-3 in myocardium from lean and ob/ob mice. (a) Representative gel blots of TNF-α, IL-6, Fas, FasL, cleaved caspase-3 and α-Tubulin (as loading control) using specific antibodies. (b) TNF-α.

Secondary assay development. The invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids was measured using modified Boyden chambers coated with Matrigel™. Invading cells were fixed, stained with DAPI, and quantified by fluorescence microscopy using 5 random fields per filter insert in triplicate. U0126, PF2341066, axitinib, and PKC412 inhibited the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids by ~90% as compared to untreated spheroids (UT). ***p ≤ 0.001. IGF1R and dasatinib displayed no statistical difference as compared to UT MDA-MB-231 spheroids.

Vandetanib increases membrane localization of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). MS1 endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with 1 μmol/L of vandetanib or matched vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]). Western blotting analysis showed that vandetanib increases membrane localization of eNOS compared with control (*P<0.04; n=4 per group, studies done in triplicate). These findings show that vandetanib increased the membrane localization of eNOS compared with control.

Effect of BIBF 1120 on the accumulation of doxorubicin (Dox) and rhodamine 123. The accumulations of doxorubicin a, b and rhodamine 123 c, d were measured by flow cytometric analysis as described in "Materials and Methods". The results are presented as fold change in fluorescence intensity relative to control MDR cells. Columns, means of triplicate determinations; bars, SDs. **P<0.01 versus control group

Orthotopic xenografts of HNSCC cell lines (A) SCC-1 and (B) OSC-19 were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg/day). In addition, the OSC-19 xenografts were treated with +/ radiation therapy. Marker, mean for triplicate; bars, SE. Statistical significance by unpaired t-test, p < 0.05.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

Immunoblots showing levels of phospho-MEK (p-MEK), total MEK (t-MEK), phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) in A375 cells transduced with a retrovirus expressing BRAFV600E, BRAFV600E/L505H, BRAFV600E/F516G or BRAFV600E/T529N and treated with increasing doses of RAF265. α-tubulin (TUBA) was monitored as a loading control.

For MTT assays, cells (2,000 ~ 5,000 cells/well) were subcultured into 96-well plates according to their growth properties. Cell proliferation was assayed at 72 hr after treatment of Brivanib by adding 20 μl of 5 mg/ml 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution per 100 μl of growth medium. After incubating for 3-4 h at 37°C, the media were removed and 150 µl/well of MTT solvent (either absolute DMSO or isopropanol containing 4 μM HCl and 0.1% Nonidet-40) was added to dissolve the formazan. The absorbance of each well was measured by ELx808 (BioTek, Winooski, VT) or Wallac Victor2 (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA) Microplate Reader. Viable cells are presented as percent of control, vehicle-treated cells.

EGFR-SGLT1 interaction is irresponsive to modulators of EGFR’s tyrosine kinase. A: Immunoprecipitation coupled Western blot analysis ofinteractionsbetween EGFR-HA and SGLT1-FlaginHEK293 cells treatedwith EGF or AEE788. EGFR, total EGFR; pEGFR, phosphorylated EGFR; IP, immunoprecipitation; IB, immunoblot. Input, expression levels of indicated exogenous proteinsin HEK293 whole celllysates used for the IP.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of CYC116.

Blockade of IPC-induced ischemic tolerance by the VEGFR-3 inhibitor SAR131675. (A) Representative images of FJ-stained brain sections from sham + SARH (i), sham-IPC + SI + Veh (ii), IPC + SI + Veh (iii) and IPC + SI + SARH (iv) groups. Note that there were more degenerated neurons in the IPC + SI + SARH group receiving SAR131675 of 50 mg/kg as an initial dose than in the IPC + SI + Veh group. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) The quantitative analysis shows the number of FJ-positive degenerated neurons in the CA1 subregion of the different treatment groups including the IPC + SI + SARL group receiving SAR131675 of 25 mg/kg as an initial dose. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; # p < 0.05 compared with the sham-IPC + SI + Veh group; *p < 0.05 compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group. (C) Representative images of NeuN immunofluorescence in the sham + SARH (i), sham-IPC + SI + Veh (ii), IPC + SI + Veh (iii) and IPC + SI + SARH (iv) groups. Note that NeuN-immunofluorescence in the IPC + SI + SARH group was reduced compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group. Scale bar = 50 μm. (D) The quantitative analysis shows the number of NeuN-positive intact pyramidal neurons in the CA1 subregion for the different treatment groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; #p < 0.05 compared with the sham-IPC + SI + Veh group; *p < 0.05 compared with the IPC + SI + Veh group.

Panels D-F show morphological changes of RBEC cells due to Sema3A treatment. RBECs were fixed after the indicated treatment and stained with phalloidin conjugated with rhodamine (red color) and counter stained with DAPI (blue color). F-actin stress fibres are very clear in untreated cells (D). Sema3A treatment caused disruption of F-actin inside the cells. Densely packed bundles of cortical actin filaments started to appear along cell membranes (arrows) over the course of treatment with Sema3A. Antibodies and inhibitors against receptors of Sema3A were pre-incubated with the cells for 15 min before the addition of Sema3A. Antibodies to VEGFR1 and NRP2 (panel E) and the inhibitor Zm 306416 (selective to VEGFR1, panel F) were effective in ameliorating the effect of Sema3A. Scale bar=20 μm.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

(c) Percent survival for the AGS cancer cell line is shown with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. (d) The KatoIII diffuse gastric cancer cell line was treated with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. The Y-axis depicts percent survival versus the X-axis with log concentrations. In all panels, error bars represent standard error of the mean. The difference in percent cell survival between KatoIII and AGS cells was statistically significant (P <0.05) at the three highest concentrations of all drugs, except Brivanib which was only significant at the highest concentration.