PI3K

Three-dimensional responses of MCF7/IGF-1R cells to TAM (1 μM), E2 and IGF-1. Compared to parental MCF7 cells (a), MCF7/IGF-1R cells (b) in three-dimensional (3D) culture formed bigger acini in response to IGF-1 stimulation and displayed significant TAM resistance when treated with TAM (1 μM) + E2 + IGF-1, which was removable by kinase inhibitors BMS-536924, U0126 and BEZ235 (c). Cells (10,000/well) were seeded in 96-well plates. Acini were formed on 100% Matrigel and cultured for 14 days in starving medium containing 2% Matrigel and 5% charcoal/dextran-stripped fetal bovine serum with the treatments as indicated. Concentrations used: TAM (1 μM), E2 (1 nM) and IGF-1 (100 ng/mL). Confocal image original magnification, × 20. Red, rhodamine phalloidin (actin). Blue, Hoechst blue stain. Results are representative of two individual experiments.

TGF-β induces mTORC2 activation. ( A ) NMuMG cells were treated with TGF-β for the indicated times before lysis and immunoblotting. (B ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to anti-Rictor immunoprecipitation, and the immunoprecipitates were subjected to in vitro kinase assays using kinase-inactive Akt1 as a substrate, before immunoblotting of the kinase reactions, immunoprecipitates and cell lysates. The left panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. ( C ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β or insulin for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or GDC-0941. The kinase activity of mTORC2 was then assessed as in B. The top panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. (D) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using Rictor antibody, and/or immunoblotted.

Inhibition of PI3K, ERK and mTOR prevents the activation of S6K1 and S6 induced by suppression of PKD1 activity. A549 cells were incubated in the absence (-) or presence of either 5 uM Kb or 5 uM Kb and 20 uM LY294002 or 5 uM Kb and 10 uM BKM120 (as indicated) for 1 h prior to stimulation of cells with 50 nM PMA for 30 min and 1 h.

293T cells were transfected with HA-tagged Fbxo45. At 48 h after transfection, cells were treated with AKT inhibitor (CAL-101; 10 uM, 4 h), cell extracts from the cytoplasm or nuclei were subjected to IP with anti-HA resin followed by western blot analysis with indicated antibodies.

AN3CA (A) and JHUEM2 (B) cells were treated for the indicated times with DMSO, 0.3 μM BGJ398 (BGJ), 0.3 μM GDC-0941 (GDC), 0.6 μM BYL719 (BYL) and 0.6 μM BKM120 (BKM) alone or in combination. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with antibodies for phospho-AKT (Ser473), total AKT, phospho-ERK (Thr202/Tyr204), ERK2, phospho-S6 (Ser240/244), total S6, phospho-4EBP1 (Thr37/46), total 4EBP1, total PARP and cleaved PARP. Tubulin was detected as the loading control. Western blot analysis of AN3CA and JHUEM2.

We treated all of drugs in T47D which has a PI3KCA H1044R mutation with the concentration shown below for 1 hour and performed western blot analysis using antibodies to phospho-AKT(SERINE 472), and total AKT.

 

Validation of activity and specificity of chemical inhibitors of; ATM, ATR, and DNAPK. H460 cells were treated with 1 uM camptothecin (CPT) or 20 ug/ml bleomycin for 1 h in the presence of the indicated inhibitors: DNAPK-i1—NU7026, DNAPK-i2—NU7441. MSH6, fibrillarin, and tubulin were used as loading controls.Effects of DNAPK inhibitors on its autophosphorylation in bleomycin-treated cells.

A p110β-selective antagonist rescues increased protein synthesis in synaptic fractions from Fmr1 KO mice and in LCLs from a patient with FXS. (A–C) Treatment of synaptoneurosomes with TGX-221 (1 μmol/L, 30 min) reduces p110β-specific PI3K activity and phosphorylation of the downstream target AKT in both WT and Fmr1 KO SNS, shown by a radioactive PI3K assay and phosphoAkt- specific western blot-ting (A). (B) Quantification of PI3K activity using a competitive ELISA showed a significant reduction in PI3K activity in both genotypes after treatment [ n = 4, 2-way ANOVA, *P (genotype) = 0.0086, * P (treatment) = 0.0087, P (interaction) = 0.7154]. (C) Densitometric quantification of phosphoAkt-specific western blots showed a significant effect of treatment (C, n = 4, 2-way ANOVA, *P (treatment) = 0.0005, P (genotype) =0.372, P (interaction) = 0.4894).

L3.6pl cells at 6,000 cells per well were incubated in MEM with 5% FBS in triplicate in a 96-well culture plate and then treated alone with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 10 umol/L wortmannin, or with BMS-777607 in combination with individual inhibitors. Polyploidy was examined under BK71 Olympus microscope and photographed 72 hours after treatment.

Breast cancer cells were pretreated with 100ng/ml EGF for 20 min and then treated with the indicated concentrations of XL147 for 24 hours.

Representative Western blot of Erk1/2, phospho-Erk1/2, Akt, phospho-Akt antibodies in BCPAP, K1 and 8505C cells treated at 4 h using IC50 doses. 1, cells untreated; 2, cells treated with RAF265; 3, cells treated with ZSTK474; 4, cells treated with SB590885; 5, cells treated with RAF265+ZSTK474; 6, cells treated with SB590885+ZSTK474.

BYL719 induces Apoptosis in MM cells. The effect of increasing concentrations of BYL719 (0-2.5 umol/l) for 48 h on the apoptosis of MM1s cells. The effect of BYL719 on the apoptosis signalling; cleaved PARP, caspase 3, caspase 9 by Western blotting. MM, multple myeloma.

After starved in serum-free medium for 24 h, Breast cancer cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of AS-605240 for 3 h,followed by 15-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF

 

A549 cells were treated with DMSO or PIK-75 (200 nM) for 1 h and subsequently stimulated with izTRAIL for 24 h. Long-term survival was visualized after 7 days by crystal violet staining. One of two independent experiments is shown.

Along with cell death, immunoblotting shows ON 01910.Na induces hyperphosphorylation of RanGAP1, increased expression of RanGAP1.SUMO1 but decreased expression of free unmodified RanGAP1. No viable SU-DHL-5 cells were available for immunoblotting at 0.5 uM of ON 01910.Na.

granulosa cells (GCs) with 24 h of melatonin (10 μM) treatment were rinsed in PBS, and then exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (10 mM), or the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) were added 1 h prior to H2O2 incubation. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± S.E; n = 3 in each group. *P < 0.05 (**P < 0.01) vs. vehicle group at 0 h. # Represents P < 0.05 (## Represents P < 0.01) vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. & Represents P > 0.05 vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. N, not significant, P > 0.05. δ Represents P < 0.05 (δδ Represents P < 0.01) vs. Z-VAD-FMK-treated cells.

After starved in serum-free medium for 24h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of A66 for 3h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

The TMZ/XL765 combination decreases serum GH and PRL of mice bearing GH3 xenografts. A and B, After treatment with DMSO, TMZ, XL765, or the XL765/TMZ combination, the blood of the nude mice xenograft with GH3 tumor was collected and serum rat-GH and rat-PRL were measured by IRMA (TMZ/XL765 combination vs TMZ or XL765 alone: ***P <.001).

Tyr(P)^Irs1 determined in CHO^IR/Irs1 cells treated with kinase inhibitors. Cells were treated for 30 min without or with PIK-90 at concentrations increasing sequentially 2-fold between the boundaries shown in Fig. 4 before incubation with insulin (30 nM, 30 min). Cleared lysates were subject to immunoblotting with antibodies against Irs1 or Tyr(P). The bands were quantified on a Kodak Image Station 4000MM Pro, and the data were analyzed using Carestream Molecular Imaging software version 5.0.

Cells treated with either control or INPP4B siRNA and following a 1-hour treatment with either DMSO or 1 mmol/L inhibitor; pPRAS40T246 and total PRAS40 were run on a separate blot for which the bottom Ku-86 panel is the loading control(pan-PI3Ki: GDC-0941, PI3K-ai: BYL719,PI3K-bi: AZD6482)

BMDMs from WT animals were treated with different concentrations of PI3K inhibitors (500 nmol/L PF4691502, PI-103, BKM120 and 25 μmol/L SF1126) followed by hypoxia for 4 hours for Western blots. These macrophages were either used for lysate preparation (nuclear extracts for HIFα or WCE for pAKT and AKT) and Western blot analysis.

Immunoblots from AR + TNBC cell lines treated with either CDX (25 uM), GDC-0941 (300 nM) or GDC0980 (100 nM) as single agents or CDX in combination with either GDC-0941 or GDC-0980 for 48 h analyzed for AR, p-AKT, AKT, p-S6, S6 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein.

Breast cancer cells were pretreated with 100ng/ml EGF for 15 min and then treated with the indicated concentrations of GSK1059615 for 24 hours.

 

PI3K inhibitor IPI-145 demonstrated to be effective on ALL-SIL cells,showed an IC50 in the lower micromolar range.

PI3K inhibitors promote apoptosis in checkpoint-defective cell lines. Two checkpoint-functional (A2058, D28) and three defective (HT144, D20, SKMel13) melanoma cell lines growth as tumour spheres as in Figure 4B were either untreated or treated with 5 uM PF-05212384 for 72 h, harvested and immunoblotted for pAkt Ser473.

We treated all of drugs in T47D which has a PI3KCA H1044R mutation with the concentration shown below for 1 hour and performed western blot analysis using antibodies to phospho-AKT(SERINE 472), and total AKT.

 

Effects of AS252424 on KL-induced cPLA 2 phosphorylation in BMMCs. BMMCs were pre-incubated with AS252424 for 1 h followed by stimulation with KL for 15 min. The phosphorylation of cPLA 2 was evaluated via immunoblot analysis. Results are representative of three independent experiments.*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and ### P<0.001, compared with BMMCs with KL induction but without pretreatment by AS252424.

DNA damage-induced inhibition of rRNA synthesis is dependent on DNA-PK and PARP-1 activity. Representative nuclei stained by EU are shown 22 h after 2 h treatment with 25 µg/ml cisplatin. Cells were treated with cisplatin under the following conditions: pretreatment with Nu7026 (Nu7026, 26) or Nu7441 (Nu7441, 41)

IGROV1-R10 cells were treated with BGT266(250nM) for 8 h.The effect of BGT226 on PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation (A) and on expression of Mcl-1 and Bim (B).

Representative Oil Red O staining of lipid-filled mature adipocytes on day 7 for uninduced cells (a), adipocyteinduced hMSCs exposed to the vehicle control (b) or CUDC-907-treated cells (500 nM) (c). Nile red staining (d and e) on day 7 of post-adipocytic induction in hMSCs and after exposure to CUDC-907. Images were captured at ×20 magnification using the FLoid Cell Imaging Station. The level of Nile red staining was quantified using the Molecular Devices M5 Microplate Reader (f). Data are presented as mean ± S.E (n = 16) from three independent experiments, ***P <0.0005.

After starved in serum-free medium for 24 h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of PIK-294 for 3 h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

Representative blots of activated Rac1 and total Rac1 in response to high glucose shown in cells treated overnight with either DMSO or AS604850 (1 umol/liter).

Cells were treated as indicated. Medium and drug were refreshed every 2 to 3 days, and protein lysates were analyzed as above.

The compounds BAY80-6946 and TG100713, which are respectively an alpha/beta- and a pan-isoforms inhibitors, demonstrated a very good ability to block Jurkat E6.1 proliferation with an IC50 slightly higher than 1 mM.

Validation study for vacuolin-1 and YM201636. (A) HeLa cells were treated with 3 lM vacuolin-1 or YM201636 in the presence or absence of the lysosomal protease inhibitor E64d (10 μg/mL) and pepstatin A (10 μg/mL). After 24 h of treatment, cell lysates (10 μg) were separated by 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and LC3 was detected via immunoblotting.

Effect of selected compounds on MLC phosphorylation induced by 2-AG. Washed platelets (1.0 x 10⁹ platelets/mL) were preincubated at 37 ℃ for 10 min with saline or 20 uM LY294002 (L), 10 uM CH5132799 (C), 10 uM TGX221 (T), 10 uM MK2206 (M), 20 uM Y27632 (Y), 1 uM PIK-75 (P), 1 U/mL apyrase (AP), 5 uM AS252424 (AS), 1 uM IC87114 (IC) and then stimulated for 30 s with 10 uM 2-AG. At the end of incubation suitable aliquots were immunoblotted with anti-p-MLC (thr18/ser19) as detailed in Methods. Blot is representative of four independent experiments.

(D) Box plots showing the results of primary MM cell treatment (n = 22; in co-culture with BMSCs) with PI3K inhibitors (10 umol/l each). BYL-719 exerted the strongest anti-myeloma effects of TGX-221, CAY10505 or CAL-101. The mean survival value is indicated by a horizontal bar and the end of the whiskers show the values of the most sensitive and most resistant sample, respectively. (E) Treatment of PBMCs (n = 5) for 5 d with PI3K isoform-specific inhibitors (10 umol/l each).

After starved in serum-free medium for 24 h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of PIK-293 for 3 h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

The compounds BAY80-6946 and TG100713, which are respectively an alpha/beta- and a pan-isoforms inhibitors, demonstrated a very good ability to block Jurkat E6.1 proliferation with an IC50 slightly higher than 1 mM.

Effect of VS-5584 on platelet adhesion. A-F: WP (A, B) and PRP (D, E) were treated with DMSO as vehicle (A, D; n = 3) or with 20 nM (B; n = 3) and 20 μM (E; n = 3) of VS-5584 and seeded on siliconized coverslips for the quantitative analysis of WP (C) and PRP adhesion (F). Scale bars: A, B, D, E = 50 μm; Data are given in % of vehicle. Mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs. vehicle. G, H: Representative images of WP treated with vehicle (G) or 20 nM of VS-5584 (H). The number of non-spread cells (arrows) is higher in VS-5584-treated WP. Scale bars: 20 μm. I: Quantification of spread platelets based on their morphology. Data are given in % of vehicle. Mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs. vehicle.

a/ Western blot showing knock down efficiency obtained with the siRNAs targeting either Ku70 or Ku80. b/ Quantitation of genome editing events from cells transfected with pQCiG-TLR and ΔeGFP donor in the presence of 2 μM NU7441, 250 nM KU-0060648, siRNAs targeting Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs or DNA ligase IV, 1 μM Scr7, or a combination of Scr7 and 2 μM NU7441 or 250 nM KU-0060648. The HDR and NHEJ values are relative to those obtained with Cas9, sgRNA, and ΔeGFP donor in the presence of vehicle (DMSO). Results are from biological replicates performed in technical duplicates. Significance (relative to vehicle) was calculated using the Student’s t-test: *p ≤0.05; **p ≤0.01; ns, not significant.

(c) MM primary cells were treated with idelalisib (1 μm), CZC24832 (1 μm) and duvelisib (1 μm) for 72 h and then assessed for apoptosis by PI/Annexin V staining (n=4).

b, d Serum-deprived MG-63 (b) and U20S cells (d) were pre-treated with 1 nmol/L HS-173 (PI3Kα inhibitor), 10 nmol/L TGX-221 (PI3Kβ inhibitor), 10 nmol/L CZC24832 (PI3Kγ inhibitor) and 10 nmol/L CAL-101 (PI3Kδ inhibitor) for 1 h, then were incubated with 100 ng/mL Wnt5a and harvested at 30 min after the start of Wnt5a treatment. Data were presented as mean ± SD of 3 determinations. The relative RhoA activity was normalized to the average value of each inhibitor-untreated group

After starved in serum-free medium for 24h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of Quercetin for 3h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

Confirmation of selective growth inhibition using VPS34-IN1 inhibitor. Proliferation of Tsc2+/+ and Tsc2-/- MEFs treated with vehicle control (DMSO), CQ (5 uM), VPS34-IN1 (500 nM) or the combination for 72 hours (crystal violet staining). Two sample t-test was carried out between CQ and SAR405 and each drug alone. Results are representative of three independent experiments. Bar graph represent means ±SD.

HL60, HL60/ADR, K562 and K562/A02 cells pretreated with various concentrations of Voxtalisib (0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 μM) for 48 h were harvested for western blot. The levels of cyclin D1, p27, and p-pRb in the nuclei were determined.

The structure and formula weight of LY3023414 were presented (A). Established human glioma cells (U251MG and A172 lines), primary human astrocytes (“Astrocytes”) or primary human glioma cells [three lines, “Glioma (L1/2/3)”], were either left untreated (“Ctrl”) or treated with LY3023414 at 1-1000 nM, cells were further cultured for indicated time; Cell survival was tested (B, C, and E) (n=5). Cell proliferation was also tested by the BrdU ELISA assay (D and F) (n=5). *p < 0.05 vs. “Ctrl”. Experiments in this figure were repeated three times.

C. Lysosomal and endosomal inhibition selectively targets Tsc2−/− MEFs. Proliferation of Tsc2+/+ and Tsc2−/− MEFs treated with vehicle control (DMSO), CQ (5uM), Vps34 inhibitor (SAR405; 1uM) or the combination for 72 hours (crystal violet staining). D. Confirmation of selective growth inhibition using VPS34-IN1 inhibitor. Proliferation of Tsc2+/+ and Tsc2−/− MEFs treated with vehicle control (DMSO), CQ (5uM), VPS34-IN1 (500nM) or the combination for 72 hours (crystal violet staining). Two-sample t-test was carried out between CQ and SAR405 and each drug alone. Results are representative of three independent experiments. Bar graph represent means ±SD.

RT-112 and RT-112 (CisPt-R) cells were treated with cisplatin, SAR405, and a combination of both in absence and presence of QVD (10 µM). Again, the concentrations used were the IC50 or half IC50 values for RT-112 (CisPt-R) and RT-112, respectively. After 48 hours, the cells were lysed, and cleared cellular lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting for PARP, caspase-3 (Casp3), and Actin. One representative immunoblot is shown.

LC3 and DAPI immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect autophagy in VSC4.1 cells treated with 25 mM HD alone, 25 mM HD + 5 μM PIK-III, 5 μM PIK-III and 0.1% DMSO alone (control group). Scale bar: 20 μm

After starved in serum-free medium for 24h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of Quercetin for 3h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

I. OMI index decreases in BT474 organoids treated with single and combination therapies at 24 hr. J. OMI index of BT474 organoids treated for 72hr. Red bars denote p<0.05 for treated organoids vs. control. H:trastuzumab (anti-HER2); P:paclitaxel (chemotherapy); XL147 (X).

Three-dimensional responses of MCF7/IGF-1R cells to TAM (1 μM), E2 and IGF-1. Compared to parental MCF7 cells (a), MCF7/IGF-1R cells (b) in three-dimensional (3D) culture formed bigger acini in response to IGF-1 stimulation and displayed significant TAM resistance when treated with TAM (1 μM) + E2 + IGF-1, which was removable by kinase inhibitors BMS-536924, U0126 and BEZ235 (c). Cells (10,000/well) were seeded in 96-well plates. Acini were formed on 100% Matrigel and cultured for 14 days in starving medium containing 2% Matrigel and 5% charcoal/dextran-stripped fetal bovine serum with the treatments as indicated. Concentrations used: TAM (1 μM), E2 (1 nM) and IGF-1 (100 ng/mL). Confocal image original magnification, × 20. Red, rhodamine phalloidin (actin). Blue, Hoechst blue stain. Results are representative of two individual experiments.

TGF-β induces mTORC2 activation. ( A ) NMuMG cells were treated with TGF-β for the indicated times before lysis and immunoblotting. (B ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to anti-Rictor immunoprecipitation, and the immunoprecipitates were subjected to in vitro kinase assays using kinase-inactive Akt1 as a substrate, before immunoblotting of the kinase reactions, immunoprecipitates and cell lysates. The left panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. ( C ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β or insulin for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or GDC-0941. The kinase activity of mTORC2 was then assessed as in B. The top panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. (D) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using Rictor antibody, and/or immunoblotted.

Inhibition of PI3K, ERK and mTOR prevents the activation of S6K1 and S6 induced by suppression of PKD1 activity. A549 cells were incubated in the absence (-) or presence of either 5 uM Kb or 5 uM Kb and 20 uM LY294002 or 5 uM Kb and 10 uM BKM120 (as indicated) for 1 h prior to stimulation of cells with 50 nM PMA for 30 min and 1 h.

293T cells were transfected with HA-tagged Fbxo45. At 48 h after transfection, cells were treated with AKT inhibitor (CAL-101; 10 uM, 4 h), cell extracts from the cytoplasm or nuclei were subjected to IP with anti-HA resin followed by western blot analysis with indicated antibodies.

AN3CA (A) and JHUEM2 (B) cells were treated for the indicated times with DMSO, 0.3 μM BGJ398 (BGJ), 0.3 μM GDC-0941 (GDC), 0.6 μM BYL719 (BYL) and 0.6 μM BKM120 (BKM) alone or in combination. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with antibodies for phospho-AKT (Ser473), total AKT, phospho-ERK (Thr202/Tyr204), ERK2, phospho-S6 (Ser240/244), total S6, phospho-4EBP1 (Thr37/46), total 4EBP1, total PARP and cleaved PARP. Tubulin was detected as the loading control. Western blot analysis of AN3CA and JHUEM2.

We treated all of drugs in T47D which has a PI3KCA H1044R mutation with the concentration shown below for 1 hour and performed western blot analysis using antibodies to phospho-AKT(SERINE 472), and total AKT.

 

Validation of activity and specificity of chemical inhibitors of; ATM, ATR, and DNAPK. H460 cells were treated with 1 uM camptothecin (CPT) or 20 ug/ml bleomycin for 1 h in the presence of the indicated inhibitors: DNAPK-i1—NU7026, DNAPK-i2—NU7441. MSH6, fibrillarin, and tubulin were used as loading controls.Effects of DNAPK inhibitors on its autophosphorylation in bleomycin-treated cells.

A p110β-selective antagonist rescues increased protein synthesis in synaptic fractions from Fmr1 KO mice and in LCLs from a patient with FXS. (A–C) Treatment of synaptoneurosomes with TGX-221 (1 μmol/L, 30 min) reduces p110β-specific PI3K activity and phosphorylation of the downstream target AKT in both WT and Fmr1 KO SNS, shown by a radioactive PI3K assay and phosphoAkt- specific western blot-ting (A). (B) Quantification of PI3K activity using a competitive ELISA showed a significant reduction in PI3K activity in both genotypes after treatment [ n = 4, 2-way ANOVA, *P (genotype) = 0.0086, * P (treatment) = 0.0087, P (interaction) = 0.7154]. (C) Densitometric quantification of phosphoAkt-specific western blots showed a significant effect of treatment (C, n = 4, 2-way ANOVA, *P (treatment) = 0.0005, P (genotype) =0.372, P (interaction) = 0.4894).