Autophagy

Effect of different proteasome inhibitors on dysferlin expression and on membrane resealing in cultured primary myoblasts. Primary myoblasts from patient 2 harboring a homozygous Arg555Trp DYSF mutation that were treated with the indicated amounts of bortezomib for 24 hours. Western blots of protein extracts were stained with anti-dysferlin antibodies and with anti–a-tubulin antibody as loading control.

Inhibition of PI3K, ERK and mTOR prevents the activation of S6K1 and S6 induced by suppression of PKD1 activity. A549 cells were incubated in the absence (-) or presence of either 5 uM Kb or 5 uM Kb and 20 uM LY294002 or 5 uM Kb and 10 uM BKM120 (as indicated) for 1 h prior to stimulation of cells with 50 nM PMA for 30 min and 1 h.

 

Effects of NVP-BKM120 and KU-55933 and their combination on the DNA damage response. A, HCC1937 cells were treated for 18 hours with NVP-BKM120 at 2.5 μmol/L, KU-55933 at 10 μmol/L, or their combination, subjected to ionizing radiation(IR) with 10 Gy or mock, lysed 6 hours later, and subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies as indicated.

Cells were stimulated with TPA (10 nM) for 15 min in the presence of the indicated concentrations of U0126. Samples were collected and analyzed by Western blot to detect phosphorylated p42/p44 MAPK.

Microscope image (406) magnification of U937 cells after exposure to SM-TNs. a) Untreated U937 cells. b) U937 cells treated with 200 nM, and 35 nM ODS empty shells. c) U937 cells treated with microcrystalline (free) Taxol prepared by sonicating Taxol in 20%H3PO4/0.8% SDS solution. d) U937 cells treated with 200 nM SM-TN. A SM-TN is seen in the middle of the picture. e) U937 cells treated with 35 nM SMTN.The nanowires are too small to see at this magnification, but their effect on the cells is clearly visible. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Loss of DUSP4 function upregulates IL-6 and IL-8 and enhances mammosphere growth. Immunoblot analysis of MDA-231 cells after treatment of 24 hours with 1 umol/L selumetinib (MEKi) or 10 umol/L SP600125 (JNKi). I, MDA-231 mammosphere formation quantitated by GelCount software 7 days after siRNA transfection. Where indicated, selumetinib (MEKi) or SP600125 (JNK1) or the combination was added to the mammosphere cultures.

 

L3.6pl cells at 6,000 cells per well were incubated in MEM with 5% FBS in triplicate in a 96-well culture plate and then treated alone with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 10 umol/L wortmannin, or with BMS-777607 in combination with individual inhibitors. Polyploidy was examined under BK71 Olympus microscope and photographed 72 hours after treatment.

The inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathways suppressed EBV-mediated EMT, and prevented the activation of Syk and Src signaling. The EBV-infected HCECs were treated with 100 nM of the dual TGF-β receptor I and II kinase inhibitor, LY2109761, for 48 hours. The EBV-infected HCECs were cultured with anti-TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody (5 ug/mL) or mouse IgG1 antibody (5 ug/mL) for 48 hours. Photographs were taken at x100 magnification by a digital camera.

granulosa cells (GCs) with 24 h of melatonin (10 μM) treatment were rinsed in PBS, and then exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (10 mM), or the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) were added 1 h prior to H2O2 incubation. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± S.E; n = 3 in each group. *P < 0.05 (**P < 0.01) vs. vehicle group at 0 h. # Represents P < 0.05 (## Represents P < 0.01) vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. & Represents P > 0.05 vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. N, not significant, P > 0.05. δ Represents P < 0.05 (δδ Represents P < 0.01) vs. Z-VAD-FMK-treated cells.

Protein expression by western blot analysis of cell lysates from MCF-7, TAM^R-4 and 164^R-7 cells treated for 3 days with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), 1 uM or 1.5 uM WP1130.

Verteporfin treatment inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of Tsc1-null cells in vivo. Mice were administered i.p. with vehicle or verteporfin at a dose of 100 mg/kg every other day for 10 d before sacrifice. Mice were sacrificed at 6 wk of age. Three independent experiments were performed and mice in different treatments were pooled for analysis. Percentage of Ki67 and αSMA double-positive cells in α-SMA+ mesenchymal lesions in the indicated kidneys. Immunofluorescence staining and counting were performed on three sagittal sections from different kidney regions for each mouse.

Cells were treated with brefeldin A or manumycin A, and the resulting supernatant was collected after 48 h for exosomal preparation (lanes 1 and 2), or exosomes obtained from C81 cells were trypsin-treated or freeze/thawed (F/T) and then trypsin-treated (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 5 and 6, input exosome controls from C81 or CEM cells, respectively. Resulting exosomes were assayed for the presence of Tax by Western blotting.

Cytosolic extracts or nuclear extracts were examined by Western blot analysis using Abs against p105/p50, p100/p52 and phospho-p65. Solid arrowhead indicates a non-specific band. A nuclear marker, PARP, and cytosolic marker, b-tubulin, were used to assess the purity of each fraction.

A, HeLa cells were treated with DMSO, Taxol (100 nM for 16 h), or Nocodazole (Noco, 100 ng/ml for 16 h). Total cell lysates were probed with the indicated antibodies against Hippo components on Phos-tag SDS-polyacrylamide gels. O and * mark the non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated proteins, respectively.

a-d) LoVo cells were separately or simultaneously treated with 1 μM purmorphamine and 1 μM thiostrepton for the indicated time. a The Gli1, FoxM1, and CCNB1 protein expression levels were examined by immunoblotting after drug treatment for 48 h. b Cell viability was detected after 6 days using an MTT assay. c LoVo cells treated with indicated drugs were cultured for 2 weeks, and outgrowth colonies were stained with crystal violet. d The matched colony count of (c). Error bars represent the mean and S.D. of three independent experiments. **, p < 0.01.

NCI-H929 EV and miR-137 OE cells were treated with ATM activator Chloroquine Phosphate (CQ), specific ATM inhibitor KU-55933, and ATR inhibitor AZ20 for 12 hr. Immunoblotting showed the expression of p-ATM, p-Chk2, p-BRCA1, p-ATR and p-Chk1.

GSK2656157 inhibits excessive autophagy in kri1lcas002 HSPCs. Representative confocal images of mCherry-Lc3 puncta (autophagosomes) in kri1lcas002 mutant embryos in Tg (cmyb: egfp) transgenic background are shown. Scale bars, 5 μm.

Motor disturbances of the rat hindlimbs after SCI, using an inclined plane test. Key: ◇ = PBS group; ■ = Sal B group; ▲ = methylprednisolone group.

Mitochondrial depolarization mediated relocation of mitochondrial RC-TPP into lysosomes and the ensuing lysosomal acidity triggered rhodamine fluorescence. RC-TPP-loaded Tom20-GFP+ HeLa cells were treated without or with CCCP (20 μM) in the presence or absence of BFA (200 nM). Colocalization of Tom20-GFP (in green) and mitochondrial RC-TPP (in blue) is shown in cyan. Scale bar: 10 μm.

Effect of pifithrin-μ (the inhibitor of mitochondrial translocation of p53) on MEG3-induced apoptosis in TGF-β1-treated LX-2 cells. The inhibitor pifithrin-μ attenuated cleavage of caspase 3 which blocked apoptosis. The results are expressed as relative expression against control expression without treatment.

b EdU incorporation assays indicated PFK15 inhibited the cell proliferation of Cal27 cells. c The quantitative data of the EdU incorporation assays.

Inhibition of autophagy advances LPS-induced accumulation of G-MDSCs in vivo and in vitro. (A-E) C57BL/6 mice were treated with SBI-0206965 (5 μg/g) or vehicle for 2 h followed by LPS challenge (10 μg/g). Percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (A, C), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (B, D) and CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (B, E) in spleens of these mice were analyzed with FACS at 12, 24 and 36 hours. The data are shown as the means ± SEM (n=5 replicates/group) and are representative of three independent experiments. (F, G) Bone marrow cells were pretreated with SBI-0206965 (1 μg/ml) or vehicle for 2 h and then cultured with GM-CSF (40 ng/ml) and IL-6 (40 ng/ml). Four days later, the percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (F), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (G) and CD11b+Ly6G- Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (G) were analyzed with FACS. Data are representative from one out of three biological replicates, each with three technical replicates. Error bars represent S.E.M. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, as determined by ANOVA tests; ns denotes p > 0.05.

Western blot analyses show significant inhibition of autophagy-related gene expression in Spautin-1 treated OCI-AML2 cells after Ara-C treatment.

Exosomal miR-124-3p inhibited neuronal inflammation by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling. A, B) Immunoblot (A) and quantitative (B) data of p-4E-BP1 and p-P70S6K in neurons after scratch injury and exosomal treatment. Their expression was increased after scratch injury and was suppressed by miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes, suggesting that miR-124-3p suppresses the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). ##P < 0.01 vs. control group; **P < 0.01 vs. injury group. C) Expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the culture medium were detected in the 3 groups of neurons: injured neurons (injury group), injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes (I+Exo-124), and injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p-up-regulated exosomes and the mTOR activator (MHY1485). Compared with the I+Exo-124 group, the MHY1485 group represented an increased expression on proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and a decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), suggesting that MHY1485 blocks the anti-inflammatory effect of miR-124-3p in injured neurons. Thus, the inhibitory effect of exosomal miR-124-3p on neuronal inflammation was exerted by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). #P < 0.05 vs. injury group; *P < 0.05 vs. I+Exo-124 group.

Paeoniflorin (PF) protects the heart against MI-induced injury in DM mice. Heart function was analyzed by measuring fractional shortening {FS = [LV end diastolic diameter (LVEDD)-LVend systolic diameter (LVESD)]×100/LVEDD} and LV ejection fraction [LVEF = (LVEDD2−LVESD2)/LVEDD2].

(c) Functional bile canaliculi or lack thereof in PHHs within MPTCs (12 d of drug treatment) as visualized by transport of fluorescent (green) dye into the canaliculi between PHHs. DMSO-treated MPCC control image is shown to the far right. (d) Neutral lipid (Nile red, green) staining of PHHs within MPTCs (12 d of drug treatment). DMSO-treated MPCC control image is shown to the far right. (e) NR1I2 (PXR) gene expression in drug-treated MPTCs relative to DMSOtreated MPTC controls (12 d of treatment). (f) ABCC2 (MRP2) gene expression in drug-treated MPTCs relative to DMSO-treated MPTC controls (12 d of treatment). (g) IL-6 levels in drug-treated MPTC supernatants (6 d of treatment). In all panels, statistical significance is displayed relative to DMSO-treated MPTCs. *p r 0.05, **p r 0.01, ***p r 0.001, and ****p r 0.0001. Scale bars on images represent 80 mm.

The combined treatment with miR-140-5p mimics and some common chemotherapeutics did not have any effect on the SK-MES1 cell line, whereas miR-140-5p and DMH1 and cisplatin decreased the proliferation of the A549 cells. Data are presented as mean±SEM of three individual experiments undertaken in triplicate. t-Test was used to assess significance with *p<0.05.

C, SA-beta gal staining results of A549-LKB1 cells treated by trametinib (30 nmol/L), radiotherapy (2 Gy), and HCQ (50 μmol/L). Cells were treated by HCQ and/or trametinib 4 hours prior to radiotherapy. Drugs were washed out 24 hours after radiotherapy. Cells were incubated for additional 48 hours before staining. D, Clonogenic survival assay of A549-LKB1 cells treated with trametinib (30 nmol/L) and HCQ (50 μmol/L).

(E-F) Images and results from microfluidic devices containing human kidney capillaries from young healthy kidneys (n = 6 per group, 2 donors) (E) or aged hypertensive kidneys (n = 5 per group, 1 donor) (F), stimulated to undergo sprouting angiogenesis with VEGF. In the presence of the FOXO1 inhibitor AS1842856 both healthy capillaries and aged capillaries successfully form new capillaries with tip-stalk structures. FOXO1 inhibition enables angiogenic capacity in kidney MVECs like that seen in HUVECs. Capillaries engineered from aged hypertensive kidneys had a higher tendency to form new vascular structures, although these did not show tip cell morphology (F, lower left images). FOXO1 inhibition enhanced new vessel formation with obvious tip cell morphology. Note bpV was less effective in aged capillary.

RT-112 and RT-112 (CisPt-R) cells were treated with cisplatin, SAR405, and a combination of both in absence and presence of QVD (10 µM). Again, the concentrations used were the IC50 or half IC50 values for RT-112 (CisPt-R) and RT-112, respectively. After 48 hours, the cells were lysed, and cleared cellular lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting for PARP, caspase-3 (Casp3), and Actin. One representative immunoblot is shown.

LC3 and DAPI immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect autophagy in VSC4.1 cells treated with 25 mM HD alone, 25 mM HD + 5 μM PIK-III, 5 μM PIK-III and 0.1% DMSO alone (control group). Scale bar: 20 μm

(D) Microglial cultures treated with 300 μM H2O2 alone or 100 μM SNAP plus 300 μM H2O2 for 24 h in the absence or presence of a chemical inhibitor (20 μM VER-155008 or 20 μM SnPP) were subjected to the determination of cell viability (MTT reduction assay). ∗p < 0.05 vs. H2O2 (300 μM) alone. +p < 0.05 vs. SNAP (100 μM) plus H2O2 (300 μM).

VE-cadherin-induced Akt activation mediates YAP phosphorylation and translocation in ECs. HUVECs were starved for 1h and treated with thrombin (1U) for 1h. Total cell lysates were probed with anti-pAkt, Akt or b-actin antibody. The representative blots of three independent experiments are depicted, and the normalized values for p-Akt are shown. HUVECs were cultured and starved as described as in d and incubated for 8h in complete medium with the Akt inhibitor, MK-2206 (1 uM). pAkt, Akt, pYAP and YAP were detected by western blotting using specific antibodies.

Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. A) Cells were pre-treated +/- 1 uM olaparib (2h) then sequentially +/- 150nM PTX (24h) then +/- GMX 12nM (48h). Cells were harvested for (left) NAD+ quantification by LC-MS/MS (mean +/-SD of quadruplicates) or (right) viability by CellTiter-Glo (mean +/-SD of duplicates) B) PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A) by western blotting.

The regressing tumour microenvironment stimulates the outgrowth, infiltration and metastasis of drug-resistant clones. b, Bioluminescent signal of drug-resistant A375RTGL cells in vemurafenib-sensitive, A375 tumours, treated with vehicle or vemurafenib for 5 days (vehicle, n = 36; vemurafenib, n = 15 tumours). D, day. c, EdU incorporation in A375R-TGL cells in A375/A375R-TGL tumours treated with vehicle or vemurafenib for 4 days, as determined by FACS (vehicle, n = 8; vemurafenib, n = 6 tumours). d, Bioluminescent signal of A375R-TGL tumours alone, treated with vehicle or vemurafenib for 5 days (vehicle, n 5 38; vemurafenib, n = 15 tumours). e, Bioluminescent signal of TGLexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells (A375R, M249R4, PC9 and H2030) in drug-sensitive tumours (Colo800, LOX, UACC62, M249, H3122 and HCC827) treated with vehicle or drugs (vemurafenib, crizotinib and erlotinib) for 5 days (n (from left to right on the graph) = 6, 7, 12, 12, 9, 9, 25, 26, 9, 12, 12, 12, 16 and 11 tumours). f, Spontaneous lung metastasis by A375R cells in mice bearing A375/A375R-TGL tumours treated with vehicle or vemurafenib (10 days), visualized by BLI (n = 4).